The Vicious Circle of Being

„Being is”: since the beginning of philosophy, this formulation by Parmenides has never ceased to amaze. Tautology, redundancy, normally does not supply any new information. But tautology is a linguistic expression of identity, and identity is a condition for the possibility of any being.
The paradoxes inherent in Parmenides’ formula are analyzed by Plato in his dialogue Parmenides. This work ends in desperate resignation, assent to the expression of contradictions. Being also means the existence of appearances, or even the existence of nonbeing. The way we use language proliferates being at a terrifying speed, and the negation of any being itself generates a new one. Paradox and contradiction lie at the source of any possible way of thinking about the world.

Existence as a modal function in methodology of correlationism (metalogic considerations)

The author focuses on metalogic considerations on the problem of existence from the anthropocentric and relationistic viewpoint, among others on the interpretation of modal categories of pure reason by Kant in their application to the objects of sensual experience. The metalogical issues of determination of the contents of judgements on beings and existence along with the issues of appropriate existential-ontological evaluation of such beings were distinguished in detail. The language issues connected with discussion on the problem of existence of beings of various kind were also raised.

Socjalizacja i recepcja koncepcji naukowej jako czynniki jej istnienia

W artykule przedstawiony został problem socjalizacji i recepcji koncepcji naukowej jako jednej z funkcjonalnych odmian obrazu świata. Opisano proces stadium socjalizacji, czyli rozpowszechnienia koncepcji naukowej w pewnym środowisku naukowym (na przykładzie koncepcji lingwistycznej F. de Saussure’a). Recepcja koncepcji naukowej rozpatrywana jest jako proces wielowymiarowy. Autorka wskazuje na szereg czynników, które powinny być brane pod uwagę przy badaniu zjawiska recepcji.

Photonic dwarfs, or problem of existence

This article deals with problem of existence – what it means ‘to exist’? It presents some terms, mainly from physics, that we are used to recognize as existing, but probably non existent, as atoms, time, etc.

Feliks Koneczny’s turan civilization – theorethical assumptions and contemporary exemplification

The article explains the turan civilization. In a synthetic form, it outlines Feliks Koneczny’s conception of quincunx and turan civilization. It also describes the peculiarity of Russia – contemporary exemplification of turan civilization. It concludes with an outlook of the leader’s and the ordinary man’s status in Russian Federation.

“A tear dripping on the moustache...” “The Legend of the Young Poland” by Stanisław Brzozowski that is we and Europe

Since the beginning of the modern times, one of the main problems of the Polish culture has been the answer to the question concerning the relation: Poland and Europe, the West. A tremendous variety of literary works concerning this topic has been written. One of the outstanding and broadly discussed literary works is The Legend of the Young Poland by Stanisław Brzozowski which was written at the turn of the twentieth century. The main theory expressed by Brzozowski is: Poland has remained beyond Europe since the beginning of the modern times. Its culture has been shaped by the gentry. It is the culture assuming its superiority over Europe. All failures of Poland are treated here as the nonculpable facts and – in the face of all Polish ideals – unjust...And this is H. Sienkiewicz. Therefore Brzozowski suggests using these elements of the Polish culture archetype which – contrary to the tradition of the gentry – are the most valuable. This is the thought of A. Mickiewicz and Romanticism. At the same time, as it was indicated by Gombrowicz in his works, one should bear in mind the fact of the specific character of the Polish culture. The answer to the question about the relation Poland and Europe is – contrary to the radical standpoint of the Legend... – ambiguous.

Once again about the Kielce pogrom in 1946 in the light of latest research

The Kielce pogrom in July 1946, in which 42 people were killed, resulted in numerous studies. Still we do not fully understand the pogrom mystery and we keep on wondering – how did it come to this? It is impossible to answer this question without knowing social and political context of the time.
An in-depth analysis of Polish-Jewish relations may help to explain the problem. The three recent publications may be helpful in this context: Mirosław Tryczek, Miasta śmierci. Sąsiedzkie pogromy Żydów (Cities of death. Pogroms of Jews from the neighborhood, Warsaw 2015); Next is the night. The fate of Jews in selected counties of occupied Poland (Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski, two volumes, Barbara Enkelking and Jan Grabowski, Warsaw 2018); and the key research of the anthropologist Joanna Tokarska-Bakir: Under the Curse. A social portrait of the Kielce pogrom (Pod klątwą. Społeczny portret pogromu kieleckiego, two volumes, Warsaw 2018).
The main conclusion of the last study results from the analysis of the staffing of such institutions as Civic Police, Security Office, Polish Army. These offices, suffering from personnel shortages after the war, were staffed by members of the resistance movements and partisans – people accustomed to the fact that Jews are to be killed. It was them, in large part, pre-war officers, policemen and lawyers, not scum or communist provocateurs, that enabled the Kielce pogrom (Vol. 1, p. 15).

Dispute about Existence of Natural Legal Oder

The author analyses genesis and development of natural law and its contemporary meaning He rise a question why Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997 do not expose a highest position of natural law in country’s legal order. Constitution in several places, including preamble, is based on natural law axiology. The National Assembly, which passed a Constitution had a problem with definition of “natural legal order”. As long as such a clause has not precise legal meaning, it would be difficult to situate such a norm in the Constitution which is directly applied (art. 8.2 of Constitution). A hesitancy to introduce highest position of natural law was additionally connected with the centerleft characteristic of the National Assembly elected in 1993. Once attitudes of Polish people has changed toward center-right orientation, that may influence a new look on the question of situating a natural law in the Constitution when pressure to its change will occur.