Parinirvāṇa Representations in the Art of Mathura: A Study Based on the Discovery of a Unique Parinirvāṇa Stele from the Varāha Temple of Mathura

Article

REFERENCES:

• Ashtana 1985-86 = S. Ashtana, “A Mahaparinirvana Panel in the National Museum ”, Purātattva, Bulletin of the Indian Archaeological Society 16, Varanasi 1985-86: 35-37.
• Bareau 1970-71 = Andre Bareau, Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sūtrapiṭaka et les Vinayapiṭaka ancienes: II. Les derniers mois, le parinirvāṇa et les funérailles, 1-2, Paris 1970-71.
• Behrendt 2004 = Kurt Behrendt, The Buddhist Architecture of Gandhara, E.J. Brill, Leiden 2004.
• Behrendt (forthcoming) = Kurt Behrendt, “Evidence for the Diffusion of Gandharan Forms after the late 5th century”, South Asian Archaeology and Art History 2012, Proceedings of the 21th International Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Paris, Paris.
• Brown 2006 = Robert L. Brown , “The Nature and Use of the Bodily Relics of the Buddha in Gandhara”, Gandhāran Buddhist Archaeology, Art, Texts, P. Brancaccio / K. Behrendt (ed.), UBC Press, Vancouver 2006: 183-204.
• Burgess 1887 = James Burgess, The Buddhist Stupas of Amaravati and Jaggayyapeta in the Krishna District, Madras Presidency, Surveyed in 1882 = Archaeological Survey of Southern India 1, London 1887 (reprint Varanasi 1970).
• Dehejia 1969-70 = Vidya Dehejia, “Early Activity at Amaravati”, Archives of Asian Art 23, 1969-70: 41-54.
• Dehejia 1997 = Vidya Dehejia, Discourse in Early Buddhist Art. Visual Narratives of India, Delhi 1997.
• Dīghanikāya = Dīghanikāya, Rhys Davids, Thomas William / Carpenter, Joseph Estlin (ed.), 1-3, PTS, London, 1890-1911; transl. Rhys Davids, Thomas William / Rhys
• Davids, Caroline Augusta Foley, Dialogues of the Buddha, 1-3, Sacred Books of the Buddhists 2-4, PTS. London 1899-1921.
• Ebert 1985 = Jorinde Ebert, Parinirvāṇa, Untersuchungen zur ikonographischen Entwicklung von den indischen Anfängen bis nach China, Publikationen der Abteilung Kunsthistorisches Institut der Universität Köln 5, Stuttgart 1985.
• Das buddhistische Erbe Pakistans. Legenden, Klöster und Paradise, 2008, Bonn & Mainz: Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Philipp von Zabern.
• Ghosh / Sarkar 1964-65 = A. Ghosh, H. Sarkar, “Beginnings of Sculptural Art in South-East India; A Stele from Amaravati”, Ancient India 20-21, New Delhi 1964-65: 168-77.
• Gupta 2008 = S.S. Gupta, Sculptures and Antiquities in the Archaeological Museum, Amarāvatī, Delhi 2008.
• Gupta 2009 = Vinay Kumar Gupta, Buddhism in Mathura, Bharatiya Kala Prakashan, Delhi 2009.
• Gupta 2013 = Vinay Kumar Gupta, Mathura, an Art and Archaeological Study, Kaveri Books, New Delhi 2013.
• Jaini 1995 = Padmanabh S. Jaini, “Jaina Monks from Mathura: Literary Evidence for their Identification on Kuṣāṇa Sculptures”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 3, 1995: 479-94.
• Joshi 1966 = Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Mathura Sculptures, Archaeological Museum, Mathura 1966.
• Kizil Grottoes, Chugoku Sekkutsu Kizil Sekkutsu [The Grotto Art of China: The Kizil Grottoes] Shinkyo Uighur Jichiku Bunbutsu Īnkai and Haikiken Kizil Senbutsudo Bunbutsu Hokanjo, 1-3, Heibonsya / Bunbutsu Shuppansya, Tokyo 1983-85.
• Kruger / Letz 2006 = Patrick F. Kruger/ Tilo Letz, “Wie aus Buddha Śiva wurde. Neuinterpretation eines Relieffragments aus Mathura”, Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift 10, Berlin 2006: 24-31.
• Kurita 2003 = Isao Kurita, Gandhāran Art (An revised and enlarged edition) = Ancient Buddhist Art Series, 1-2, Tokyo 2003.
• Le Coq von 1924 = Albert von Le Coq, Die Buddhistische Spätantike in Mittelasien, Ergebnisse der Kgl. Preussischen Turfan Expeditionen III, Akademische Druk und Verlagsanstalt, Berlin 1924 (reprint Graz 1974).
• Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra, Waldshmidt Ernst (ed.), Das Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra, Text in Sanskrit und Tibetisch, verglichen mit dem Pāli nebst einer Übersetzung der chinesischen Entsprechung im Vinaya der Mūlasarvāstivādins, auf Grund von Turfan-Handschriften herausgegeben und bearbeitet = Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1949.1 und 1950.3, Berlin 1950-51.
• Mani 1987 = Buddha Rashmi Mani, The Kushan Civilization. Studies in Urban Development and Material Culture, B. R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi 1987.
• Marshall 1960 = John Marshall, The Buddhist Art of Gandhāra, The Story of the Early School, It’s Birth, Growth and Decline = Memoirs of the Department of Archaeology in Pakistan 1, Cambridge 1960 (reprint 1980).
• Mitterwallner von 1986 = Gritli von Mitterwallner, Kuṣāṇa Coins and Kuṣāṇa Sculptures from Mathura, Government Museum Mathura, Mathura 1986.
• Miyaji 2010 = Akira Miyaji, Indo Bukkyo Bijutsushi Ron (Buddhist Art History of India), Chuo Koron Bijutsu Shuppan 2010.
• Mode 1973 = Heinz Mode, Calcutta, Great Centres of Art, South Brunswick, A.S. Barnes, Leipzig 1973.
• Mode 1986 = Heinz Mode, Altindische Skulpturen aus Mathura, Muller & Kiepenheuer, Hanau 1986.
• Parimoo 1982 = Ratan Parimoo, Life of Buddha in Indian Sculpture. An Iconological Analysis, Kanak Publications, New Delhi 1982.
• Parimoo 2010 = Ratan Parimoo, Life of Buddha in Indian Sculpture. An Iconological Analysis, revised and enlarged edition, D.K. Printworld, New Delhi 2010.
• Poonacha 2011= K.P. Poonacha, Excavations at Kanaganahalli (Sannati, Dist. Gulbarga, Karnataka) = Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 106, Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi 2011.
• Raducha 1982 = Joan Anastasia Raducha, Iconography of Buddhist Relief Scenes from Kushan Mathura, Dissertation submitted to University of Wisconsin, Madison 1982.
• Rao 1984 = P.R. Ramachandra Rao, Andhra Sculpture, Akshara, Hyderabad 1984.
• Ray 1983 = Amita Ray, Life and Art of Early Andhradesa, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi 1983.
• Rhie 2007 = Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE-100 CE, EJ Brill, Leiden / Boston 2007.
• Rosenfield 1967 = John M. Rosenfield, The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans = California Studies in the History of Art 6, University of California Press, Berkeley 1967.
• Rosen Stone 1994 = Elisabeth Rosen Stone, The Buddhist Art of Nāgārjunakoṇḍa = Buddhist Tradition Series 25, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi 1994.
• Sarkar / Nainar 1972 = Haribishnu Sarkar, S.P. Nainar, Amaravati, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi 1972 (reprint 1980).
• Schlingloff 1987 = D. Schlingloff, Studies in the Ajanta Paintings, Identifications and Interpretations, New Delhi 1987 (reprint New Delhi 1988).
• Schlingloff 2000 = D. Schlingloff, Ajanta – Handbuch der Malereien / Handbook of the Paintings 1. Erzählende Wandmalereien / Narrative Wall-paintings, Wiesbaden 2000.
• Schlingloff 2013 = Dieter Schlingloff, Ajanta – Handbook of the Paintings 1. Narrative Wall-paintings, IGNCA: New Delhi 2013.
• Schmidt 2010 = Klaus T. Schmidt, “Die Entzifferung der westtocharischen Uberschriften zu einem Bilderzyklus des Buddhalebens in der “Treppenhohle” (Hohle 110) in Quizil / Interdisciplinary research on Central Asia: The decipherment of the West Tocharian captions of a cycle of mural paintings of the life of the Buddha in cave 110 in Quizil”, in: From Turfan to Ajanta, Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday, E. Franco / M. Zin (ed.), Lumbini International Research Institute 2010: 835-66.
• Sharma 1984 = Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Buddhist Art of Mathura, Agam, New Delhi 1984.
• Sharma 1995 = Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Buddhist Art, Mathura School, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi 1995.
• Sharma / Dawson 2003 = Ramesh Chandra Sharma and J.E. Dawson, Anmut und Askese – Frühe Skulpturen aus Indien / The Sublime and the Ascetic in Early Sculptures from India, M. Yaldiz / C. Wessels-Mevissen (ed.), Exhibition Catalogue, Museums fur Indische Kunst, 18.09.2003-04.01.2004, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin & Philipp von Zabern Berlin & Mainz 2003.
• Sivaramamurti 1942 = Calambur Sivaramamurti, Amaravati Sculptures in the Madras Government Museum = Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, N.S. 4; Madras 1942 (reprint 1956, 1977, 2000).
• Strong 2010 = John S. Strong, “The Triple Ladder at Saṃkāśya: Traditions about the Buddha’s Descent from Trāyastriṃśa Heaven”, in: From Turfan to Ajanta, Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday, E. Franco / M. Zin (ed.), Lumbini 2010: 967-78.
• Strong 2012 = John S. Strong, “The Commingling of Gods and Humans, the Unveiling of the World, and the Descent from Trāyastriṃśa Heaven, An Exegetical Exploration of the Connections of Minor Rock Edict I”, in: Reimagining Aśoka, Memory and History, P. Olivelle, J. Leoshko, H.P. Ray (ed.), Oxford 2012: 348-61.
• Taddei 1979 = Maurizio Taddei, “The Story of the Buddha and the Skull-Tapper: A Note on Gandharan Iconography”, Annali dell’Istituto Universitrio Orientale di Napoli 39, 1979: 395-420 (reprint in Taddei 2003: 189-218).
• Taddei 1983 = Maurizio Taddei, “Addenda to The Story of the Buddha and the Skull-Tapper (A.I. O.N., 39, 1979,3)”, Annali dell’Istituto Universitrio Orientale di Napoli 43: 333-39 (reprint in Taddei 2003: 219-27).
• Taddei 2003 = Maurizio Taddei, On Gandhāra. Collected Artices, G. Verardi, A. Filigenzi, (ed.), vol. 1-2, Napoli 2003. Vogel
• Vogel 1910 = Jean Philippe Vogel, Archaeological Museum at Mathura, Government Press, Allahabad 1910 (reprint Delhi 1971).
• Vogel 1930 = Jean Philippe Vogel, La sculpture de Mathura = Ars Asiatica 15, Les Editions G. van Oest, Paris 1930.
• Waldschmidt 1944-48 = Ernst Waldschmidt, Die Überlieferung von dem Lebensende des Buddha. Eine vergleichende Analyse des Mahāparinirvāṇaūtra und seiner Textentsprechungen (= Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, -hist. Klasse III.29-30), 1944-48.
• Weller 1939-40 = Friedrich Weller, “Buddhas letzte Wanderung, aus dem Chinesischen”, Monumenta Serica 4, 1939-40: 40-84.
• Weller 1940 = Friedrich Weller, “Buddhas letzte Wanderung, aus dem Chinesischen. Fortsetzung”, Monumenta Serica 5, 1940: 141-207.
• Williams 1975 = Joanna G. Williams, “Sārnāth Gupta Steles of the Buddha’s Life”, Ars Orientalis 10, Ann Arbor, 1975: 171-92.
• Zin / Schlingloff 2007 = Monika Zin and Dieter Schlingloff, Saṃsāracakra, Das Rad der Wiedergeburten in der indischen Überlieferung, Haus der Japanischen Kultur (EKŌ), Dusseldorf 2007.
• Zin (forthcoming) = Monika Zin, “The Buddha’s Relics and the Nāgas, An Attempt to Throw Light on Some Depictions in the Amaravati School”, in: Proceedings of the 21^st Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Paris, July 2012, V. Lefevre (ed.); Paris (forthcoming).