The Obama Doctrine and the Use of American Military Power in the Middle East
- Institution: Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin
- ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-4738
- Year of publication: 2018
- Source: Show
- Pages: 22-40
- DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2018.60.02
- PDF: apsp/60/apsp6002.pdf
This article examines the use of American military power in the Middle East during the presidency of Barack Obama. While some have characterized those responses as confusing, inconsistent, and/or inadequate in number, this study argues that there is a way to understand and explain Obama’s decisions, the “Obama Doctrine”. The article develops and applies the Doctrine to America’s use of force, or not, in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Libya, and elsewhere.
DOKTRYNA OBAMY I WYKORZYSTANIE AMERYKAŃSKIEJ POTĘGI MILITARNEJ NA BLISKIM WSCHODZIE
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza wykorzystania amerykańskiej potęgi militarnej na Bliskim Wschodzie w czasie prezydentury Baracka Obamy. O ile dla niektórych działania te były niespójne i/lub niewystarczające pod względem ilościowym, o tyle przeprowadzona analiza dowodzi, że można znaleźć dla nich uzasadnienie. Artykuł rozwija i stosuje doktrynę do analizy wykorzystania/niewykorzystania amerykańskiej siły militarnej w Afganistanie, Iraku, Syrii, Libii i innych państwach.
BIBLIOGRAFIA:
- Becker, J., & Shane, S. (2016). Hillary Clinton, ‘Smart Power’ and a Dictator’s Fall. New York Times. Retrieved from: www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/us/politics/hillaryclinton-libya.html?mcubz=0&_r=0.
- Belasco, A. (2014). The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf.
- Bureau of Investigative Journalism (n.d.). Drone Warfare. Retrieved from: www.thebureauinvestigates.com/projects/drone-war.
- Chandrasekaran, R. (2012). Little America: The War Within the War for Afghanistan. London: Bloomsbury.
- Chollet, D. (2016). The Long Game: How Obama Defied Washington and Redefined America’s Role in the World. Washington: Public Affairs.
- Clinton, H.R. (2014). Hard Choices. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Crawford, N.C. (2016). Iraq Index. Retrieved from: http://www.brookings.edu/iraqindex.
- Daalder, I.H., & Stavridis, J.G. (2012). NATO’s Victory in Libya: The Right Way to Run an Intervention. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from: foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/2012-02-02/natos-victory-libya.
- The Global Coalition Against Daesh (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://theglobalcoalition.org/en/home/.
- Goldberg, J. (2015). ‘Look… It’s My Name on This’: Obama Defends the Iran Nuclear Deal. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/05/obama-interview-iran-isis-israel/393782/.
- Goldberg, J. (2016). The Obama Doctrine. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/.
- Hill, C.R. (2014). Outpost: Life on the Frontlines of American Diplomacy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Jervis, D. (2015). Patterns of Great Power Intervention in Vietnam and Afghanistan. Annales: Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Lublin-Polonia, 22(1), 51–72.
- Jervis, D. (2017). “No” to No-Fly Zones in Syria. TEKA Komisji Politologii i Stosunkow Międzynarodowych, 12(3), 131–142.
- Landler, M. (2017). The Afghan War and the Evolution of Obama. New York Times. Retrieved from: www.nytimes.com/2017/01/01/world/asia/obama-afghanistan-war.html?mcubz=0.
- Livingston, I.S., & O’Hanlon, M. (2017). Afghanistan Index: Also Including Selected Data on Pakistan. Brookings Institution. Retrieved from: www.brookings.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2016/07/21csi_20170525_afghanistan_index.pdf.
- Lubold, G. (2013) Breaking: Every Military Option in Syria Sucks. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from: http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/07/23/breaking-every-militaryoption-in-syria-sucks/.
- Lynch, M. (2016). The New Arab Wars: Uprisings and Anarchy in the Middle East. Washington: Public Affairs.
- Mann, J. (2013). The Obamians: The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power. New York: Penguin.
- Nasr, V. (2014). The Dispensable Nation: American Foreign Policy in Retreat. New York: Anchor Books.
- New Afghan Government Signs US Troops Deal (2014). Retrieved from: www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29415170.
- The Nobel Peace Prize for 2009 (2009). Retrieved from: www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/press.html.
- Obama, B. (2007). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. London: Canongate.
- Obama’s Speech at Camp Lejeune, N.C. (2009). New York Times. Retrieved from: www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/us/politics/27obama-text.html?mcubz=0.
- O’Hanlon, M.E., & Campbell, J.H. (2012). The Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq. Brookings Institution. Retrieved from: www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/index20120131.pdf.
- Panetta, L. (2014). Worthy Fights: A Memoir of Leadership in War and Peace. New York: Penguin.
- Pew Research Center (2014). Global Opposition to U.S. Surveillance and Drones, but Limited Harm to America’s Image. Retrieved from: www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/global-opposition-to-u-s-surveillance-and-drones-but-limited-harm-to-americasimage/.
- Shane, S. (2015). Objective Troy: A Terrorist, a President, and the Rise of the Drone. New York: Tim Duggan Books.
- Sisk, R. (2017). Trump Gives Mattis Authority to Set Troop Levels in Iraq, Syria. Retrieved from: www.military.com/daily-news/2017/04/27/trump-gives-mattis-authority-settroop-levels-iraq-syria.html.
- Stern, J. (2015). Obama and Terrorism: Like It or Not, the War Goes On. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/obama-and-terrorism.
- Transcript: Obama’s Speech Against the Iraq War (2009). NPR. Retrieved from: www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99591469.
- S. Department of Defense (n.d.). Operation Inherent Resolve: Targeted Operations to Defeat ISIS. Retrieved from: www.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/0814_Inherent-Resolve/.
- S. Department of State (n.d.). The Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS. Retrieved from: www.state.gov/s/seci/index.htm.
- Watson Institute Costs of War Project (2016). S. Budgetary Costs of Wars Through 2016: $4.79 Trillion and Counting. Retrieved from: http://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2016/Costs%20of%20War%20through%202016%20FINAL%20final%20v2.pdf.
- White House (2009a). Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on the Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Retrieved from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-address-nation-way-forwardafghanistan-and-pakistan.
- White House (2009b). Remarks by the President at the Acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize. Retrieved from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-acceptance-nobel-peace-prize.
- White House (2013). Remarks by the President at the National Defense University. Retrieved from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/23/remarks-president-national-defense-university.
- White House (2014b). Statement by the President on ISIL. Retrieved from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/10/statement-president-isil-1.
- White House (2015). Remarks by the President on the Iran Nuclear Deal. Retrieved from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/05/remarkspresident-iran-nuclear-deal.
- Zenko, M. (2016). Obama’s Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy. New York Times. Retrieved from: www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/01/12/reflecting-on-obamas-presidency/obamas-embrace-of-drone-strikes-will-be-alasting-legacy.
- Zenko, M. (2017). Obama’s Final Drone Strike Data. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/blog/obamas-final-drone-strike-data.
Afganistan drony amerykańskie interwencje militarne American military interventions Irak państwo islamskie Libya Libia Barack Obama Afghanistan Syria Iraq Islamic State drones