2014

Spis treści

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-6
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: hso/7/hso7toc.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Wstęp

  • Author: Józef Dobosz
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 7-10
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: hso/7/hso700.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Opowieść Kosmasa o pięciu braciach męczennikach i jej potencjalne źródła – krótki przyczynek do dyskusji

  • Author: Marzena Matla
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 13-38
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140201
  • PDF: hso/7/hso701.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Cosmas’ Tale of Five Martyr Brothers and its possible sources – a brief contribution to the discussioncontribution to the discussion

Apart from the legend scribbled down by Bruno of Querfurt and a mention in the Life of St. Romuald by Peter Damian, the history of the martyrdom of Five Martyr Brothers, was also noted by a Czech chronicler Cosmas, even though is at variance with the other two stories. All manuscripts of the Cosmas’ chronicle contain wider information on Polish eremites, except for the Stockholm copy, that is to say a version in Codex Gigas, generally believed to be an unfinished copy of the edition of the chronicle prepared when Cosmas still alive. What was the basis of Cosmas version – whether it was a scholarly figment of his imagination, or, alternatively, a completion of copyists or information he based on oral sources or a written legend, which had arrived from Poland – has been a subject of much debate among the historians. The comparison of another fragment of the chronicle, which mentions the translocation of the relics of Five Martyr Brothers, seems to indicate that Cosmas completed the original version of his chronicle with a wider version of the legend himself. The analysis of chronological elements of the original version of Cosmas’ chronicle from the Stockholm Codex and later copies containing extensive descriptions devoted to the life of the Five Brothers suggests that apart from a more extensive legend, Cosmas also revised the chronology of events, thereby furnishing a more accurate dating in the second version (the day of death – 11th November, instead of the original 12th November), in accordance with the version of Bruno of Querfurt. Such dating is incompatible with the version that appears in the Czech and Polish calendars starting from the second half of the eleventh century, which means that Cosmas must have found it, along with an extensive legend, in a written version. The analysis of Czech calendars has shown that day of Five Martyr Brothers was not fixed in Bohemia at the beginning of the twelfth century, which could have disposed Cosmas towards including a broader story of the Polish hermits (whose relics were stored in some Czech centres) in his chronicle, with a view to disseminating their worship. The legend itself, the one Cosmas grounded his story on, is likely to have originated in Bohemia, as evidenced by the unmistakable ignorance of either the Polish realities or the hermits’ life and was probably written down only after Bretislaus I brought the relics of the martyrs to Prague in 1039, thereby creating a burning need for the legend which would disseminate the cult of new saints. This legend is based on oral tradition, formed by the Czech clergy (hitherto cooperating with Bolesław the Brave) coetaneous to the events, and, on the other hand, on an obituary record comprising the names and dates of the brothers and a day date, which could have arisen in Prague shortly after the events. This tradition also recorded the name of the sixth hermit, who escaped death owing to the deputation to Rome – it is reasonable to assume that the hermit frequented Prague to report the ruler with his deputations. Due to the collision of the day of the brothers’ martyrdom and St. Gregory of Tours, in the Czech calendars, the holiday was postponed for 12 November already in the second half of the eleventh century. Writing the first editorial of his chronicles, Cosmas had probably only vintages, vague oral tradition (which retains the name of Barnabas) and an updated calendar at his disposal, hence the manuscript of Stockholm lacks a broader description of the martyrs and 12th November as the date of their death. Before making the final editorial, Cosmas must have discovered a written version of the legend, produced after 1039, and under its influence included a more extensive description of events and the modified day date of hermits’ death.

pięciu braci męczenników Five Martyr Brothers Kronika Kosmasa historiografia historiography interpretation of the Polish historiography

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Rękopis Digestum Vetus ze zbiorów Biblioteki Kórnickiej PAN

  • Author: Wojciech Baran-Kozłowski
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 39-62
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140202
  • PDF: hso/7/hso702.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Manuscript Digestum vetus from the collection of the Kórnik Library, Polish Academy of Sciences.

Currently in the collection of the Kórnik Library, the manuscript, produced by order of the Emperor Justinian, contains Digestum vetus with the later gloss of Accursius. It is considered one of the most interesting copies of this work in Europe, its rank determined mainly by the rich iconographic program consisting of 25 initials and over 230 illustrations in the margins, the majority of which are multiform scenes. Art historians studying the discussed manuscript indicate that among numerous manuscripts of the Digestum preserved in European collections, there is not another one with such a gorgeous illustrative programme. The miniature illustrations in initials, produced by a single master, open subsequent books of the Digests, referring specifically to the content of the first titles of given books. The remaining 238 marginal miniatures were made by three illustrators working in parallel on particular signatures to the manuscript. The analysis of their dispersion on each page has revealed that they were produced once the marginal gloss of Accursius was written down. In most cases the illustrations directly illustrate case studies contained in the Digestum. These miniatures were designed so as to facilitate the perception of the text of the Digestum, help in memorising specific cases and to facilitate the search in the entire comprehensive codification. In light of recent findings of art historians, this manuscript was produced in several stages. First, the text of the Digestum was written, probably in northern Italy, in the last quarter of the twelfth century, then, in France in the 1230s the marginal gloss of Accarsius was added and illuminations prepared. This Code came to Poland in the fifteenth century, owing to the canon of Kraków and the scholastic of Płock Dersław of Karnice, who bought it during his studies in Italy in the years 1469–1471. The manuscript spent 300 years in the library of the Chapter of Płock, where he was purchased by Tadeusz Czacki to be located it in the Poryck Library. Then Digesta were bought by Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, and stored in the Library of Puławy, from where with a considerable part of manuscripts, it was ultimately transported to the Działyński Library in Kórnik, which has housed them to this day.

rzymskie prawo średniowieczne manuskrypty Digestum vetus Justinian Roman law medieval manuscripts ppsy

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Refleksje na temat narodu i państwa w polskiej myśli politycznej

  • Author: Sebastian Paczos
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 63-89
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140203
  • PDF: hso/7/hso703.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Reflections on the nation and the state in the Polish political thought

The paper provides an overview of mostly nineteenth-century concepts of nation and state, juxtaposed with sociological theories. It begins with the definitions of the basic concepts and their relations, along with the change in their meaning over time. The author presents also the origins, development of the Polish nation and state, comparing the description with sociological theories. Next, the Enlightenment, Romantic and positivist concepts of nation and state were presented together with views prevailing in particular currents of the Polish socio-political thought. According to the author, the idea of nation and state gradually crystallised in the Polish political thought, to take on suggestibility and become an essential component of social life, albeit this process occurred in a variety of ideological milieux, with its culminating phase at different points in history. The author emphasised the polymorphism of the idea of nation and state as well as a variety of contexts in which they may occur.

państwo myśl polityczna naród nation political thought state

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Chrystianizacja i elity władzy Wielkich Moraw. Wybrane aspekty

  • Author: Anna J. Książek
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 90-106
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140204
  • PDF: hso/7/hso704.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Christianisation and the elite of Great Moravia against the early medieval Central Europedieval Central Europe

From the position of Christian rulers, faith expansion concerned not only individuals, but also entire communities. A decision appertaining to the choice of Rome or Constantinople as a place of importation of Christianity was both significant and political. Following a number of failed attempts of Christian missions among the Slavic tribes, the ninth and eleventh century saw the emergence of the foundations of statehood along with a number of conversions acts of rulers and their milieux. The eighth century saw the development of stronghold centres on the Morava river (Mikulčice, Staré Město, Uherske Hradiste). The strongholds were rapidly remodelled in the late eighth/early ninth century, hence even prior to the Moravians putting in an appearance in Frankfurt in 822. At the time in the area of western Slovakia occurred the most aggressive expansion into the territory of the Avars located on the left bank of the Danube and new Moravian strongholds (Pobedim, Devin, Smolenice–Molpír) were erected east of the White Carpathians, at least as far as The Váh. These phenomena can be regarded as social upheavals within the political elite of the Moravians, centred on the Morava River, which resulted in the expansion into the territories in south-western Slovakia occupied by the Avars and the ensuing construction of new stronghold centres. That expansion presumably presaged the creation of a base against the Khaganate in Pannonia. The erection of the first churches in the area on the initiative of the princes and nobles attests to the scale of the changes which occurred among the Moravians, having probably stemmed from very intensive, yet unmentioned in written sources, contacts between the tribal Moravian aristocracy and the Frank Counts from the borderland. It is reasonable to conjecture that there was not any organised mission, as evidenced by the ethnical diversity of the Moravian clergy emerging at the time. It consisted, apart from the Bavarians, also of the clergy from Italy and the Greeks of the Dalmatian cities.

Wielka Morawa wieki średnie Christianisation Great Moravia chrystianizacja Middle Ages

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Obraz władcy liturgiczną modlitwą za króla? Nowa perspektywa dla interpretowania miniatury koronacji Henryka II z sakramentarza ratyzbońskiego (München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, clm 4456, fol. 11R)

  • Author: Paweł Figurski
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 107-129
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140205
  • PDF: hso/7/hso705.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

A performative image of the ruler? A new interpretation of the coronation miniature from the Regensburg Sacramentary (nation miniature from the Regensburg Sacramentary (Munich, Bayer-Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4456, fol. 11rische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4456, fol. 11r) )

The aim of the paper is to examine the sources of influence of the iconographic program of the miniature showing the coronation from the Regensburg Sacramentary (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4456, fol. 11r)? The hitherto formulated interpretations appertaining TO the image of Henry II may be enriched by a new hypothesis, which postulates the impact of the post communion prayer (post communionem) from a form of a votive Mass for the King (Missa pro rege) on the formation of the Regensburg performance. A liturgical oration, which asks God to grant the ruler with the heavenly weapons, is written on further pages of the Sacramentary (fol. 327r-v). Thus, not only verbal inscriptions written in the illumination, but also pictorial means of expression can be read as a prayer for the king.

Sakramentarz Ratyzboński Henryk II miniatura koronacyjna Regensburg Sacramentary Henry II coronation miniature

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Struktura grodowa w drugiej połowie XI wieku. Czy lata 30. XI wieku wyznaczają przełom dla funkcjonowania organizacji grodowej w Polsce?

  • Author: Marcin Danielewski
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 130-155
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140206
  • PDF: hso/7/hso706.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

The stronghold structure in the second half of the 11th c. Do the 1030s represent a breakthrough in the functioning of the stronghold 1030s represent a breakthrough in the functioning of the stronghold structure in Poland?structure in Poland?

The paper explores the issue of the 1030s, significant for, inter alia, the Polish medieval studies. It centres, in essence, on the verification of the view that the examined period can actually be deemed to have been a breakthrough in the functioning of the stronghold structure within the Piast state. Furthermore, the article addresses the question whether, in the second half of the eleventh century, the network of strongholds stood at variance with the one prevailing during the reign of Mieszko I and Boleslaw I the Brave. A political history of the 1030s, discussed on the basis of extant written sources, e.g., Gallus Anonymus, Cosmas of Prague, Tale of Bygone Years and Annales Hildesheimenses provides the starting point for analyses, most valuable for the discussion being pieces of information appertaining to the invasion of Bretislaus I and subsequent expeditions of Yaroslav the Wise into the Piast lands. Records relating to these events reveal that some strongholds were destroyed (Poznań, Gniezno), other abandoned (Giecz) or lost (Belz, Red Cities). Next, the author refers to the studies of some historians and archaeologists regarding the problem of the 1030s and the purported breakthrough in the functioning of the stronghold structure. The first research questions relating to this issue is whether the medievalists have source material (other than written) at their disposal that would enables them to determine what other strongholds, besides the ones cited above, were destroyed in the 1030s. Another question relates to the erection of new strongholds in the second half of the eleventh and in the twelfth century. It is interesting to find out whether the construction of these strongholds somehow ensued from the disaster of the 1030s. The answer to these questions necessitates the consideration of various methods of dating the relics of strongholds along with their reliability, which is particularly important in the context of hypotheses advanced by archaeologists. A large group of strongholds is believed to have ceased to function in the 1030s, as purportedly attested by results of archaeological research and dating. The author nonetheless demonstrates that establishing the chronology of strongholds by dint of pottery within one decade and with respect to the 1030s is unmanageable and draws the reader’s attention to the weaknesses of chronology based on dendrochronological, radiocarbon and AMS methods. The image of the 1030s catastrophe ought to be referred to the strongholds of Wielkopolska, inasmuch as they are mentioned in written sources. Finally, the author attempts to verify if there were other principal Piast strongholds within the then Piast domain, which were partially or completely destroyed throughout this period. Here, he refers to the results of the excavations carried out on the relics of strongholds in Kruszwica (Kujawy), Płock (Mazovia), Przemyśl (the Sandomierz Region), Kraków (Małopolska) and Wrocław (Silesia). The results of the analyses have revealed that the vast majority of these structures did not fall into destruction circa mid-eleventh century. To conclude, in view of the fact that several most important strongholds in the Piast state continued their existence, whilst key strongholds of Wielkopolska, their damage notwithstanding, were rebuilt, the 1030s should not be referred to as a breakthrough period in the functioning of the stronghold structure.

przełom stronghold structure breakthrough organizacja grodowa strongholds grody

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Co w świetle źródeł prymarnych wiadomo o kompetencjach urzędników małopolskich z XIII wieku?

  • Author: Damian Kała
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 156-175
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140207
  • PDF: hso/7/hso707.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

What, , in the light of prmary sources, do we know about the competence of the thirteenth-century officials from Malopolska?

Owing to several reasons, the accurate definition of the powers applicable to individual offices on Polish soil in the period of feudal fragmentation is a formidable task. Firstly, a relatively poor source basis furnishes insufficient normative and direct information regarding the competence of the then officials. Insurmountable interpretative problems stem from the ambiguous Latin legal terminology. We must also take into account the transformations of the then ‘administrative’ organisation which transpired over the years: the expiry of some offices and the emergence of new ones, the loss of hitherto held competencies and the acquisition of other. The examined period was also marked by the existence of disparities between regions It seems reasonable to assume that throughout the period in question there existed dissimilarities, sometimes profound (notably in Silesia). From time to time, modern ideas impinge upon the perception of the conditions prevailing in the distant past, a phenomena noticeable already in the case of medieval historians, and traceable also in the work of professional historians of the nineteenth-twenty century. For historiography associated with the addressed issues typical are several generalisations, often unverifiable in sources. Furthermore, the so called imaginary, invented tradition, which actually is a relatively recent invention, has an adverse effect on historiography. It can therefore be assumed that in the Middle Ages, when making references to the deep-rooted standards was a common practise, attempts were made to provide new arrangements with a pedigree from the distant past. The main objective of this paper is to answer the question what the sources from that period actually reveal about the competence of thirteenth-century civil servants from Małopolska. It is of utmost important in this case that the source be primary, because only they can provide more or less accurate answers to the questions we ask them (ignorance, mistake or some hidden intention of the author are nevertheless always to be expected), unlike later sources (both in terms of the time of production and form), which may have already be contaminated with different amplifications, beclouding the truth. This also leads to the analysis of the reliability of the existing historiographical views on the competence of the thirteenth-century civil servants. The author conducts the analysis of source and historiographical information concerning the competence and the importance of the following offices occurring in the area of Małopolska in the thirteenth century: chorąży (the standard-bearer), cześnik (the cup-bearer), łowczy (the master of the hunt), miecznik (the sword-bearer), mincerz (the mint master), kanclerz (the chancellor), kasztelan (the castellan), konarski (equerry), podczaszy (the deputy cup-bearer), podkanclerzy (the vice-chancellor), chamberlain (podkomorzy), podkoni (the deputy equerry), podłowczy (the deputy master of the hunt), podsędek (the deputy district judge), podskarbi (the grand treasurer), podstoli (the deputy pantler), sędzia (judge), skarbnik (treasurer), stolnik (the pantler), starosta (the governor), wojewoda (the voivode) and wojski (officer responsible for security of districts during war). In the paper the author will merely outline a problem, significant for the Polish medieval studies. Conclusive answers to all doubtful issues are impossible to be provided as of yet, since in the case of some offices we may merely confirm their existence.

Małopolska źródła prymarne urzędnicy Lesser Poland primary sources officials

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Polityka Bolesława V wobec klasztorów w aspekcie procesów modernizacji księstwa krakowsko-sandomierskiego II połowy XIII wieku

  • Author: Piotr Gryguć
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 176-198
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140208
  • PDF: hso/7/hso708.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Economic policy of Boleslaw V towards the monasteries of the Duchy of Kraków and Sandomierz as an attempt to modernise the monarchy

This paper is an attempt to characterise the policy of the Duke of KrakówSandomierz Bolesław V towards the monasteries functioning in his realm. The author will discuss only those conventions, which helped the duke implement his economic policy, notably Benedictine, Cistercian, or Norbertine orders. Excluded are orders related to the new beggar movement, the only exception being the Zawochost-Skała Order of Saint Clare. The aim is to show the role of by the monasteries in the modernisation of the Kraków–Sandomierz state, since in the second half of the thirteenth century Małopolska attempted to catch up economic gap separating it from its neighbours. Duke Boleslaw was aware of the enormity of the challenges that awaited him at the beginning of his reign. The thirteenth century saw a great conflict between the secular and spiritual power. One look at the situation in other districts – Wielkopolska, Mazovia and Silesia is enough to notice the significant role of the aspirations of the clergy in the internal politics of those principalities. A young ruler from Kraków was cognisant of the ample opportunities that the collaboration with the Church could bring. With a view to achieving his economic objectives, he nevertheless decided on the cooperation with religious orders. It was an understandable move, given that monasteries had proper financial background, as well as a network of contacts necessary for the modernisation of the Duchy of Kraków–Sandomierz. Furthermore, the role of monasteries in the process of colonisation and the acquisition of new settlers, as well as specialists in the field of mining, cannot be overestimated. Bolesław V was aware of the role of the development of rural settlement and its interrelateion with urbanisation in the increase of the well-being of the entire state. Patterns from Silesia, Bohemia and Hungary indicated the monarch how he could enhance economic development of his land, and strengthen his own power. Such transformations nonetheless required considerable financial outlay. Since princely treasure, ruined by invasion, was unable to provide adequate investment for modernization, the monarch supported the colonisation run by religious orders. In order to facilitate their economic development, legal and economic immunities were bestowed upon them. The duke supported also the assemblage of land. Immunisation was beneficial not only for monks but also the ruler: the duke deprived the administrative apparatus of their judiciary prerogatives and took over part of its mandate and income. At the same time, the elimination of obsolete laws of princely duties provided the monasteries with the possibility of conducting an extensive colonisation action based on given freedoms, which resulted in the dissemination of novel economic solutions brought from the west by the monasteries. This knowledge included a comprehensive program of reconstruction of the domain in order to increase revenue. It is worthy of note that the Cistercians became the ruler’s chef specialists in the search for salt and other natural resources. The monks from Wąchock provided not only professional help in the search for salt, but also repair of salt brewing equipment. Owing to the development of this industry, salt mines of Wieliczka and Bochnia began to yield enormous revenues, which replenished princely treasure following the expropriation reform of Bolesław V. The major role of religious orders in the modernisation of the Duchy of Kraków–Sandomierz is therefore evident. Backed by regal authority and under the duke’s care, they were able to fully exploit their economic potential for the colonisation and urbanisation of Małopolska. Their cooperation with the monarch brought them immunities essential for the development of their possessions. Beneficial to both parties, this police significantly contributed to the changes in social relations in the state of Bolesław V. Patterns of economic restructuration imported by the monasteries became a model employed, albeit with some delay, also by the nobility.

Książę Bolesław V Duke Bolesław V Małopolska Lesser Poland Kościół Church

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Uchopení lenní problematiky v české a evropské literatuře z hlediska historiografického diskursu

  • Author: Markéta Novotná
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 199-211
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140209
  • PDF: hso/7/hso709.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Understanding feudal issues in the Czech and non-Czech literature from the perspective of historiographical discourse

Similar to other historical phenomena, understanding feudal issues has always been closely related to the changes of historiographical discourse. In the nineteenth century, the institution of fief was treated as a component of feudalism and as such fairly negatively valued, whilst when in later literature, popular became a notion of feudal law, a kind of a legal system, its importance was highly overrated. Examined within the framework of legal history, the issue of fiefdom gained independence with the advent of processuality of the historical process in historical sciences, e.g., in the form of influence of sociology in the monograph from the late 1920s La société féodale by Marc Bloch, who saw elements similar to feudalism and feudal institutions in areas outside Europe. Positive assessment of the feudal system emerged in the context of the formation of territorial structures of the state, mainly due to the German scholar of history of law – Heinrich Mitteis. Further impulses, largely referring to older ideas, occurred together with the problematisation of some institutions formerly deemed immutable, such as feudalism, as well as the recognition of the feudal system as an independent social structure, not subject to the influence of historical factors and processes, e.g., in the 1953 monograph of Georges Duby La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise. Some shortcomings of the structural perspective were overcome by a more flexible interpretation of the phenomena in the spirit of the postmodern discourse, e.g., through studies on vassals. The postmodern critique inspired the work of Susan Reynolds (Fiefs and Vasalls), who in addition to the use of traditional concepts, undermined the continuity of the historical process, or our understanding of the continuity of the historical process in accordance with Neo-Kantian philosophy. The Czech historiography, naturally, went through analogous processes, the change best attested to in the 1952 paper Lennie právo v Čechách by František Graus, who, within the Marxist discourse on the periodisation of history, applied the structural approach to the problems of feudal system, yet, as regards the title of the said article, still remained within the former discourse.

feudalizm feudalism wieki średnie historiografia Middle Ages historiography

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Zeměpanské konfirmační listiny pro česká a slezská města do roku 1419

  • Author: Tomáš Velička
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 212-233
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140210
  • PDF: hso/7/hso710.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Confirmatory documents issued by the rulers for the Bohemian and Silesian cities until 1419.

The author has attempted to provide a holistic view of the practice of confirming the documents for the royal and princely towns in the area of Bohemia and Silesia (the area of Moravia has already been explored in this respect) by the ruler. Confirmatory documents formed an integral part of the production of the writing offices of the rulers of both examined territories, i.e., the Czech kings and the princes of Silesia. Whilst in the case of Bohemia the issuer is unambiguous (the King of Bohemia), the issuers from the region of Silesia could have included the Silesian princes (including the Bishop of Wrocław), the Czech king and the royal starosts (governors) in the principalities directly subject to the Czech ruler as issuers. Generally, confirmatory documents are deemed to have been diplomatic acts which confirmed the existence of a legal reality. These included not only documents (alternatively confirmatory documents issued in the form of a mandate), whereby the rulers confirmed the prevailing legal acts of their predecessors, but also those which confirmed acts of their subjects. A selection of merely one group of recipients was deliberate, notwithstanding the resultant, apparently incomplete image. Such an approach has its advantages, inasmuch as it allows the examination of the resources in a more compact form, and what is more, throughout two territories to some extent shaped by various traditions. The author focuses largely on several issues related to confirmatory documents, notably on the differentiation between confirmatory and dispositive documents. Both types are to some extent convergent, and sometimes the dispositive formula is present in some confirmatory documents. Furthermore, dispositive documents are sometimes deemed to be one of the degrees of confirmation. Nevertheless, in most cases notable is a variance in the usage of both types of documents. First, the author presents a quantitative review of the number of documents issued for particular towns. Was there a direct principle saying that the more important and richer the town, the more confirmative documents are found? How can we measure the ‘validity’ and ’wealth’ of each of the analysed towns? Which towns can boast of confirmations issued by the majority of successive rulers and which have to be satisfied with merely a few acts? This question needs to be explored also from a different point of view: we need to determine the role of confirmatory documents in the policy of the rulers towards the towns as well as how it was reflected in the different phases of the duke’s (king’s) reign. The motives behind issuing individual acts of confirmation and the question what forced the towns to make efforts to have their privileges confirmed are essential elements of the author’s inquiry. The reasons might have been both external, namely the position of the town’s ruler, and internal – problems inherent in the functioning of a given centre.

Śląsk wieki średnie dyplomacja Middle Ages Czechy diplomacy bohemia silesia

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Posiedzenie Polsko-Czeskiego Zespołu ds. Podręczników Szkolnych, Poznań, 14–15 kwietnia 2014 roku

  • Author: Danuta Konieczka-Śliwińska
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 244-246
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140212
  • PDF: hso/7/hso712.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Zpráva ze zasedání Polsko-české pracovní skupiny pro školní učebnice, Poznań, 14.–15. dubna 2014 (Danuta Konieczka-Śliwińska)

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Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej pt. O wojnę powszechną za wolność ludów… Pierwsza wojna światowa na ziemiach polskich – aspekty społeczne, polityczne i militarne, Kielce, 11 czerwiec 2014

  • Author: Damian Szymczak
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 247-250
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140213
  • PDF: hso/7/hso713.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Zpráva z vědecké konferencje „...Za všeobecnou válku za svobodu lidí…” První světová válka na polském území — sociální, politické a militární aspekty, Kielce, 11. června 2014 (Damian Szymczak)

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Ogólnopolska konferencja Sport w kulturze PRL, Poznań 3–4 czerwca 2014 roku

  • Author: Dorota Skotarczak
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 251-253
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140214
  • PDF: hso/7/hso714.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Zpráva z konference Sport v kultuře Polské lidové republiky, Poznań 3.–4. června 2014 (Dorota Skotarczak)

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Informacja dla autorów

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 255-264
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: hso/7/hso7auth.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Spis treści

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-6
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: hso/6/hso6toc.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

OBSAH

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Wstęp

  • Author: Józef Dobosz
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 7-10
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: hso/6/hso600.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Kresťanstvo u Germánov v Karpatskej Kotline v 6. storočí

  • Author: Peter Bystrický
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 13-41
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140101
  • PDF: hso/6/hso601.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Christianity among Germanic tribes in the Carpathian Basin in the sixth centurysixth century

The fourth century saw the beginning of spreading Christianity among Germanic people. The mission of bishop Ulfi las, however, ended in 348 and persecuted Christian Goths fl ed to the territory of the Roman Empire. After the destruction of Gothic kingdoms, the fl eeing Goths were allowed by the Roman emperor Valens to cross the Danube, probably only on condition that they would adopt new faith. Since the emperor himself was an Arian and Arianism preferred theological teaching in the Roman Empire, the Goths, and later other East Germanic tribes, adopted this doctrine instead of Nicene Creed. Germanic people learned only the basic principles of faith and then just continued with their beliefs. Moreover, Jesus was deemed not the only God, but one of many gods. The second part of the study offers a survey of written sources on the Christianity among Germanic tribes in the Carpathian Basin in the sixth century – Rugians, Heruls, Gepids and Lombards. The Rugians led by the king Feletheus (Feva) and his Arian wife Giso dwelt on the left bank of the Danube, opposite the Roman province of Noricum, where at that time St. Severinus preached Christianity, established monasteries, organised defence or evacuation, redeemed captives, procured corn for the starving and healed the sick. Humble and pious Severinus won himself such a reputation that even barbarian kings respected him and listened to his advice and prophecies. The neighbouring Heruls, however, were pagans and sometimes invaded barely defended provinces of Noricum and Pannonia. Though their king received baptism in 528, many of them remained pagans and, according to Procopius, they were the wickedest people in the whole world. The Gepids, like Goths, converted to Arianism. The most signifi cant traces of Gepid Christianity are found in the territory of Pannonia II, especially near the Roman town of Sirmium. Sirmium was one of the most important centres of early Christianity and in the late sixth century, the town having become a seat of Gepid Arian bishop. On the other hand, Lombard Arianism is very problematical. The fi rst mention of their orthodox faith comes from Procopius. Paganism, however, was retained not only by the majority of the tribe, but also by the king and his retinue, even at the time 568 invasion in Italy. Arianism among Lombards probably gained strength only in Italy, where a number of subjugated Gepids accompanied them and where remnants of Arian Goths continued to live. From Alboin to Aripert (altogether 9 rulers) only two kings are mentioned as Arians and only two as Catholics. Though these Germanic tribes adopted Christianity in the Carpathian Basin, they did not stay there long enough to become true Christians. With Slavs and Avars replacing them, the Christianisation of Central Europe had to start from scratch.

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Kresťanstvo medzi Veľkou Moravou a Uhorskom. Otázka kontinuity a diskontinuity

  • Author: Ján Steinhübel
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 42-61
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140102
  • PDF: hso/6/hso602.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Christianity between Great Moravia and the Hungarian Kingdom. Questions of Continuity and Discontinuity

A Transylvanian Prince Gyula I made a visit to Constantinople in 953, where he was baptised. The Patriarch of Constantinople ordained a monk Hierotheus the Hungarian as a bishop, who later baptised the family of Gyula. He also initiated the process of christianising his principality. Gyula’s daughter Sarolt married the Hungarian Prince Géza. Sarolt was very vigorous and she had a strong infl uence upon her husband. It was her who convinced Géza to invite Christian missionaries to Hungary in 972. She also established the fi rst Hungarian bishopric in her residence of Veszprém. This bishopric was consecrated to the Archangel Michael, to whom also the church in the residence of her father in Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár) was dedicated, later rebuilt and honoured with the title of the episcopal cathedral. Michael was not the only patron saint to protect Veszprém. There was also a rotunda of Saint George, considered a very old one at the time. Sarolt wanted to consecrate some church to Saint Michael in Veszprém, because she used to pray to him in Alba Iulia. That was the reason the bishopric of Veszprém did not accept the older dedication to Saint George. The cult of Saint George was very common in Bavaria during the nineth century, yet we have no evidence of Saint George veneration on the territory of Bavarian border marks – and for the same reason there is no evidence of it among the dedications of Pribina’s and Kocel’s churches in Pannonia. The rotunda in Veszprém was defi nitely not erected in Carolingian times and its dedication was not of Bavarian origin. Therefore, we can assume that is of Great Moravian origin. Another member of the Arpád dynasty was given a name Severin (Hungarian: Szörény) at his baptism in 972, but an old-Hungarian chronicler wrote down his name in the distorted form ‘Zyrind‘. Severin was the Duke of Szomogy, just as his son and successor, i.e., Koppány. Karolda, Sarolt’s older sister is believed to have been his wife. The Hungarian Prince Géza had younger brother Michael. The name Michael, which he took at his baptism in 972, was very popular in Bulgaria already in 866, when Bulgarian Prince Boris took this name at his baptism. If Michael took a Christian name popular in Bulgaria, he could have fulfi lled a wish of his Christian wife of probably Bulgarian origin, further indicated by her sons’ names, i.e., Ladislav and Vazul, which are derivations from the names Vladislav and Vasilij. Michael’s Bulgarian wife, as well as Géza’s Sarolt and Zyrind’s Karold, were Christians from their childhood and they persuaded their pagan husbands to accept Christian baptism. Members of the Arpadian state, who received their baptisms in 972, could be infl uenced by the impact of Great Moravian and Carolingian Christianity, which partially outlasted in the old pre-Hungarian centres, for example in Nitra, Bratislava, Blatnohrad, Veszprém and Pécs.

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Bruno z Querfurtu a Uhorsko

  • Author: Vincent Múcska
  • Year of publication: 2014
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  • Pages: 62-73
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140103
  • PDF: hso/6/hso603.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Bruno of Querfurt and Hungary

In his paper Vincent Múcska seeks to explore the links between St. Bruno of Querfurt and Hungary in the early eleventh century. First, the Slovak historian addresses the issue of White and Black Hungarians, terms that are present in a variety of medieval sources, i.e., The Tale of Bygone Years or De administrando imperio, the work of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The author examines also the route of St. Bruno to Hungary and briefl y presents his missionary activity in the area (1002–†1009). Furthermore, Vincet Múcska outlnes the activity and the reasons for the presence of the papal legate Azzo in Hungary in 1009. Finally, the author attempts to provide his own explanation of the reasons for distinguishing between White and Black Hungarians.

Hagiografie v 10. a 11. století

  • Author: Marie Bláhov
  • Year of publication: 2014
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  • Pages: 74-91
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140104
  • PDF: hso/6/hso604.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Hagiography in the tenth and eleventh century

In her paper Hagiografie v 10. a 11. Století, Marie Bláhová of Charles University in Prague examines the early history of the development of this genre. First, she discusses what hagiography is and when and under what circumstances this branch of the Latin literature was born. The author points out to the ancient roots of hagiography (the second century). Next to the history and the causes of the emergence of hagiography, the paper presents the development of its forms and changes in the choice of types of holiness, which could be included in such works since the late antiquity until the eleventh century. Marie Bláhová has presented readers with a wide panorama of centers and individuals distinguished in creating and rewriting hagiographic literature, noting their role at the time of birth of a given work and its subsequent dissemination. This panorama is made up of activities of both various centers and literary circles in older Europe, i.e., Empire, England, France, Italy, and in Central Europe, namely Hungary, Czech and Poland.

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Myśl społeczno-polityczna i gospodarcza księcia Leona Sapiehy (1803–1878)

  • Author: Jacek Szpak
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 92-118
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140105
  • PDF: hso/6/hso605.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Socio-political and economic ideas of Prince Leon Sapieha (1803–1878)

Prince Leon Sapieha was one of the most prominent Polish politicians and socio-economic activists of the period of national subjugation. Given that Sapieha was involved in taking most political and economic decisions in Eastern Galicia in the years 1836–1875, his views, beliefs and ideas were of utmost importance for shaping the opinion of the Galician society. The experience of the November uprising brought about Sapieha’s firm rejection of an uprising as a means of regaining independence by Poland. Neither did he count on the intervention of the European powers in the Polish interest. He believed that independence could be achieved either as a result of a European war in which the invaders would fight on opposite sides, or, alternatively, owing to international treaties. A supporter of organic work, Leon Sapieha held that the main task of the Polish society was to build the political, cultural and economic power of the nation, with the help of the peasants, won over for the national cause. An advocator of public education regardless of sex and state, Sapieha perceived education as the only means of the national awakening of the peasantry and attached fundamental importance to improving the situation of the peasants and other social groups. In the Prince’s view, religious and moral values should be inherent in the socio-economic and political life. Sapieha believed in the distinctiveness of the national identity of Poles and Ruthenians. Both nations were supposed to cooperate closely. His socio-political and economic ideas put Sapieha close to the right, his program almost identical to those of other positivists. Leon Sapieha’s opinions were largely shaped by his social standing, his own experience, education and upbringing he received in the family home. His ideas were to some extent infl uenced by the then political thought, including that of Edmund Burke, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Thomas Macaulay. Of great importance were the opinions of Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Andrzej Zamoyski and Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki. Leon Sapieha’s major goal was sovereign Poland.

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Dyskusja nad reformą administracji publicznej w Austrii na początku XX wieku

  • Author: Ryszard Tomczyk
  • Year of publication: 2014
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  • Pages: 119-134
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140106
  • PDF: hso/6/hso606.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Discussion on the reform of public administration in Austria in the early twentieth centuryearly twentieth centur

A linchpin of government next to the army and the judiciary, the public (political) administration was of special significance in the multinational Habsburg monarchy throughout the constitutional period. It stimulated changes and paved the way towards progress and modernisation of the Danubian monarchy, and yet since the beginning its activity was severely criticised and accused of numerous flaws. In order to reform the administration and remedy its shortcomings, a number of projects were conceived by both the authorities and the parliamentary-governmental environment or academia. The administration’s greater involvement in solving problems of social and economic life was called for and the need to remove the conflicts of jurisdiction between its various branches and to sort out the relations between the organs of the state and local self-government was postulated. One of the most interesting projects of the administrative reform was prepared at the beginning of the twentieth century by the government of Ernst Kroeber. It consisted, inter alia, in strengthening the government power in the area. Although the proposed changes were not implemented, the reform of the administration was re-set on the agenda before the outbreak of World War I in 1911 with the establishment of a special Administrative Reform Commission, its work only partially successful. The outbreak of World War I necessitated the suspension of further work on the reform.

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Druga Dywizja Strzelców Pieszych gen. Prugar-Ketlinga internowana w Szwajcarii podczas II wojny światowej

  • Author: Marek Żejmo
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 135-152
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140107
  • PDF: hso/6/hso607.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

General Prugar-Ketling’s Second Division of Foot Riflemen interned in Switzerland during World War II

During the Second World War, the Polish community in Switzerland increased to several thousand people. Interned Polish soldiers worked for Swiss economy and defense. Memory of this fact has been preserved until the present day, being expressed through gratitude and fondness the Swiss demonstrate towards the Poles. During the tough period of war, Polish soldiers not only earned enough to make a living for themselves, but also contributed to the development of Switzerland’s economy. This good reputation the Poles enjoyed among the Swiss translates into a discreet – typically Swiss – but also very sincere fondness of the latter towards the former. In consequence, individuals and local authorities alike protect the memorabilia of Polish soldiers, i.e. shrines, tombstones, and memorial plaques put on buildings or by the roads. The Polish Museum in Rapperswil, Ignacy Jan Paderewski Museum in Morges and Tadeusz Kościuszko Museum in Solothurn are all co-financed by Swiss canton authorities, which has allowed these institutions to remain active until the present day.

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Ingrid Kušniráková a kol.: „Vyjdeme v noci vo fakľovom sprievode a rozsvietime svet”. Integračný a mobilizačný význam slávností v živote spoločnosti, Historický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava 2012, ss. 245

  • Author: Dušan Škvarna
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 158-160
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140109
  • PDF: hso/6/hso609.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Czwarta Międzynarodowa Konferencja Młodych Slawistów, Budapeszt 25 kwietnia 2014 roku

  • Author: Robert Tomczak
  • Author: Jakub Wojtczak
  • Year of publication: 2014
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  • Pages: 166-168
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/hso140111
  • PDF: hso/6/hso611.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Čtvrtá mezinárodní konference mladých slavistů, Budapešť 25. dubna 2014

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Informacja dla autorów

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2014
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 169-176
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: hso/6/hso6auth.pdf
  • License: This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

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