Motywacja leżąca u podstaw kłamania i psychologiczne wymiary kultury podłożem międzykulturowych różnic w dopuszczalności kłamstwa

Motivation behind Lying and Psychological Dimensions of Culture as the Basis of Intercultural Differences of Lying Acceptability

The aim of this paper is to show that cross-cultural differences in the acceptance of lying depend mostly on the motivation that lies beneath lying. Cultural dimensions may explain which cultures will demonstrate higher acceptance of lying basing on specific motivation to lie. The article concentrates firstly on the definition of deception, stating which aspects of the definition of deception will be more culturally sensitive. Differences in motivation to lie are being discussed focusing on the collectivistic – individualistic dimension. In collectivist cultures people are prone to lie for the group benefit, while in individualistic cultures they may be motivated to lie to protect one’s privacy. Other crucial issues discussed in the paper are the stereotypes concerning liars and cues to deception. They may influence perceived veracity of the interlocutor. The article discusses also future research perspectives on the cross-cultural differences in the acceptance of lying.

REFERENCES:

• Aavik T., Abu-Hilal M., Ahmad F.Z., Ahmed R.A., Alarco B., Amponsah B., Atoum A., Bahrami H., Banton P., Barca V., Basualdo M., Benjet C., Bhowon U., Bond C.F Jr., Case T.I., Caso L., Chadee D., Churney R., Courtoy M., Datevyan H., Donatien D., Gastardo- -Conaco C., Gendolla G., Ghayur M.A., Giri V.N., Gunawardhane R., Han H., Hartwig M., Hasanat N.U., Herrera D., Hofh ansl A., Holland R., Horgan J., Huang S-T.T., Ismail R., Javahishvili T., Johnston L., Kapardis A., KerDincer M., Kerslake M., Khaltourina A., Khaltourina D., Kion J.A., Koehnken G., Kokkinaki F., Koljatic M., Kostik A., Kurman J., Lee K., Levintsa E., Lovas L., Masip J., Matuk C.R., Melinder A., Merckelbach H., Messili R., Miles L., Mngadi P.T., Munyae M.M., Nedeljkovic J., Neto F., Niemi M., Niraula S., Nizharadze G., Oka T., O’Sullivan D. E. M., Pawlowski B., Pereira M.E., Platon C., Rao S., Reynolds S., Rime B., Rodriguez O., Rono R., Roxana I., Rus V.S., Schulmeyer M., Shu L., Silva M., Simulioniene R., Stuchlikova I., Sverko I., Talwar V., Tchombe T.M., Tifner S., Tredoux C., Voracek M., Vrij A., Williams K., Wright R., Zhang Y., A World of Lies, „Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology” 2006, No. 37.
• Antas J., O kłamstwie i kłamaniu, Kraków 2008.
• Arcimowicz B., Cantarero K., New Directions in Psychological Research on Culture, „Kultura i Edukacja” 2011, nr 5.
• Aune R.K., Waters L.L., Cultural Differences in Deception: Motivations to Deceit in Samoans and North Americans, „International Journal of Intercultural Relations” 1994, No. 18.
• Boski P., Kulturowe ramy zachowań społecznych, Warszawa 2009.
• Cohen A., Who Cheats? Our Survey on Deceit, „The Wall Street Journal”, http://online.wsj. com/article/SB121448862810107085.html [dostęp: 27.06.2008].
• DePaulo B., Kashy D.A., Everyday Lies in Close and Casual Relationships, „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 1998, No. 74.
• DePaulo B., Kirkendol S.E., Kashy D.A., Wyer M.M., Epstein J.A., Lying in Everyday Life, „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology” 1996, No. 70.
• DePaulo B., Lindsay J.J., Malone B.E., Muhlenbruck L., Charlton K., Cooper H., Cues to Deception, „Psychological Bulletin” 2003, No. 129.
• Ekman P., Kłamstwo i jego wykrywanie w biznesie, polityce i małżeństwie, Warszawa 2006.
• Ford C.V., Lies! Lies! Lies! The Psychology of Deceit, Washington 1999.
• Fu G., Xu F., Cameron C.A., Heyman G., Lee K., Cross-cultural Differences in Children’s Choices, Categorizations, and Evaluations of Truths and Lies, „Development Psychology” 2007, No. 43.
• Griffin E., Podstawy komunikacji społecznej, Gdańsk 2003.
• Gudykunst W.B., Lee C.M., Cross-cultural Communication Theories [w:] Handbook of International and Intercultural Communications. Second Edition, W.B. Gudykunst, B. Mody (red.), Thousand Oaks 2002.
• Hofstede G., Dimensioning Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context [w:] Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 2, Chapter 14), International Association for Cross- -Cultural Psychology, http://orpc.iaccp.org [dostęp: 14.03.2010].
• Hofstede G., Kultury i organizacje. Zaprogramowanie umysłu, Warszawa 2000.
• Hyman R., The Psychology of Deception, „Annual Reviews of Psychology” 1989, No. 40.
• Inglehart R., Basañez M., Moreno A., Human Values and Beliefs. A Cross-cultural Sourcebook, Michigan 2008.
• Kam K., Kim M., Koyama T., „The Truth May not Set You Free”: A Cross-cultural Examination of the Perceptions Associated with the Verbal Content of Truthful versus Deceptive Messages, and the Relationship of These Perceptions to Subsequent Judgments of Deceit, „Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association” 27 maja 2003, Marriott Hotel, San Diego, CA.
• Kozłowski T., Kłamię, więc jestem, Wrocław 2007.
• Lindskold S., Walters P.S., Categories for Acceptability of Lies, „The Journal of Social Psychology” 1983, No. 120.
• Markus H., Kitayama S., Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation, „Psychological Review” 1991, No. 98.
• Masip J., Garrido E., Herrero C., Defining Deception, „Anales de Psicología” 2004, No. 20.
• Matsumoto D., Juang L., Psychologia międzykulturowa, Gdańsk 2007.
• Matsumoto D., Yoo S. Hee, Toward a New Generation of Cross-cultural Research, „Perspectives on Psychological Science” 2006, No. 1.
• Mealy M., Stephen W., Urrutia C.I., The Acceptability of Lies: A Comparison of Ecuadorians and Euro-Americans, „International Journal of Intercultural Relations” 2007, No. 31.
• Oetzel J.G., Ting-Toomey S., Face Concerns in Interpersonal Confl ict: A Cross-cultural Empirical Test of the Face Negotiation Theory, „Communication Research” 2003, No. 30.
• Sims R.L., Collective versus Individualist National Cultures. Comparing Taiwain and U.S. Employee Attitudes toward Unethical Business Practices, „Business & Society” 2009, No. 48.
• Sweetser E., The Definition of Lie [w:] Cultural Models in Language and Thought, N. Quinn, D. Holland, (red.), Cambridge 1987.
• Sztompka P., Informacje udzielone podczas wykładu organizowanego z cyklu “Wyzwania Humanistyki XXI w.”, 25.03.2011, Szkoła Wyższa Psychologii Społecznej w Warszawie.
• Triandis H.C., Carnevale P., Gelfand M., Robert C., Arzu Wasti S., Probst T., Kashima E.S., Dragonas T., Chan D., Ping Chen X., Kim U., de Dreu C., van de Vliert E., Iwao S., Ohbuchi K-I., Schmitz P., Culture and Deception in Business Negotiations: A Multilevel Analysis, „International Journal of Cross Cultural Management” 2001, No. 1.
• Vrij A., Komunikacja niewerbalna a wiarygodność [w:] Prawo i psychologia, A. Memon, A. Vrij, R. Bull (red.), Gdańsk 2003.
• Vrij A., Wykrywanie kłamstw i oszukiwania. Psychologia kłamania i konsekwencje dla praktyki zawodowej, Kraków 2007.
• Witkowski T., Psychologia kłamstwa, Wrocław 2002.