Spis treści
- Year of publication: 2016
- Source: Show
- Pages: 3-6
- DOI Address: -
- PDF: pbs/4/pbs4toc.pdf
Attitudes and Contributions of the Members of the Voluntary League of Women, 1918–1922
Ochotnicza LigaKobiet was the first regular military formation feminine on Polish soil, which was created in 1918. During the Polish-Ukrainian struggle for Lwów. A year later, during the Polish-Soviet War, he founded OLK 2 in Vilnius. The growing threat of the Soviet Union meant that in 1920. Formation was reorganized and in August this year took part in the Battle of Warsaw. Portrait collective members OLK both representatives of the officers, as usual serial – Sentinel, courier or administrative workers. For obvious reasons, the most famous were the first of these, which often continued its operations after the termination of formation – in the interwar period, and later during World War II. These include the, m.in.: the initiator and founder of OLK – Lt.-Col. Aleksandra Zagorska, see. Wanda Gertz – commander of the Legion of Vilnius, Sec. Irena Jędrychowska – Battalion commander OLK in Poznan, Sec. Maria Chojecka – battalion commander campaign administrative OLK in Warsaw, Lieutenant. Halina Kowalska – commander OLK branch in Grudziądz.A large part of the representatives of officers OLK was educated and came from landowning families or intellectual, where the cultivated tradition of independence. They were also often involved in the work of independence before the outbreak of World War I, and thus represented by patriotic attitudes they have been shaped before joining OLK. As a result, in the course of military service, they were characterized by a special commitment and often were successful. Their achievements were appreciated by giving them badges and managerial functions. It is worth noting that the decorations and received praise not only representatives of the officers, but also non-commissioned officers or serial, which were also exemplary soldiers.In conclusion, we can say that the period of operation of OLK was an important step in the military participation of women, and even though the formation was liquidated, gained by its members experience became a vehicle for the development of the movement of military training of women in the interwar period.
military service women Volunteer Legion Women’s Polish-Ukrainian War wojskowa służba kobiet Ochotnicza Legia Kobiet wojna polsko-ukraińska wojna polsko-sowiecka I wojna światowa Polish-Soviet war World War I
Poland’s Diplomatic Representatives in Romania, 1918–1940. Part 1: 1918–1940
Polish politicians had appreciated the importance of relations with Romania since the beginning of the independent Poland, indicating the need for close political and economic cooperation with that country which would serve to resist the Soviet expansion in Central and Eastern Europe. The establishment of official diplomatic relations between Poland and Romania proved to be a rather complex process. It was essentially affected by the lack of agreement between the two centers competing for leadership in Poland, that is the authorities in Warsaw and the Polish National Committee (KNP) in Paris. It was manifested by keeping in Bucharest their own representatives, more or less tolerated by the Romanian, the so-called Legation headed by Marian Linde and the delegate of KNP Stanisław Koźmiński. In the end, Alexander Skrzyński was appointed the envoy of the Republic of Poland and officially recognized by the Romanian authorities. The establishment of official diplomatic relations did not mean, however, immediate rapprochement between the two countries. It was a process lasting almost two years which, thanks to the merits of Alexander Skrzyński, was crowned by signing the Polish-Romanian alliance in March 1921. The next stage consisted of the efforts to strengthen and extend this alliance made by Skrzyński as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Paweł Jurjewicz – his successor to the position of chargé d’affaires, and then an envoy in Bucharest. The process was slowed down by the inept policy of Marian Seyda, the next foreign minister of Poland.
diplomatic representatives przedstawiciele dyplomatyczni dyplomacja Romania Rumunia diplomacy stosunki międzynarodowe Polska Poland international relations
Tadeusz Łopuszański: Pedagogue, Tutor, and Politician
Tadeusz Łopuszański to form today a little forgotten, but wrongly. During the Second Republic was an active politician, the Minister of Religious Affairs and Public Education in the government of Leopold Skulski and Wladyslaw Grabski. In this article, however, it has been estimated primarily his work pedagogical and educational concepts that are not only developed in this field, but also played into force led by himself facility in Rydzyna. Łopuszańskiemu managed to create a coherent system of education and educational, which has proven itself in practice, given the expected and desired results as evidenced by „Rydzyniacy”, graduates of Middle and High School. Sulkowski, who never forgot about his school and its director, what more trying for years to revive and continue his work.
social thought myśl społeczna system edukacyjny praca socjalna social work educational systems edukacja Education
The Determined.Biographical Extractsof Three Governors of the Curia of Gorzów (1945–1956)
As a result of the Potsdam Conference, territory of Poland was shifted west. This decision forced the masses to migrate, and Polish government to populate and develop the new lands. Settlement of West Pomerania, Lubusz Land and other areas was started; priests came along with the crowds. The Church, trying to meet the expectations of the lost and anxious people, wanted to mark its presence in former German and Protestant areas. Curia was needed for this purpose – and its manager. Father Edmund Nowicki was first to be elected in 1945, however as a result of hostile policy of the authorities against the Church, he was replaced in 1951 by Fr. Tadeusz Załuczkowski. After his sudden death, the Curia manager position was taken by Zygmunt Szelążek. He occupied it until the end of 1956. Each one of the three had a huge influence on the religious life in the region. They built the Church structures virtually from scratch, they brought priests and religious, took over evangelical churches for the use of the Latin rite. They worked in the reality of the Polish People’s Republic, risking reprisals. On one hand, they were being defined by the circumstances of place and time, on the other, they were determined to achieve their goals and realize uneasy task of leading the Church in the most demanding and neglected, largest territorial unit in Poland at the time. The article depicts their struggle, insufficiently described in the literature, as of yet.
curia Gorzow 1945–1956 Tadeusz Załuczkowski Edmund Nowicki kuria gorzowska 1945–1956
“Defending Your Own Convictions” – Community and Political Work of Adam Pleśnar (1935–2013) until 1977
The article is an attempt to scratch the biography of Adam Plesnar. The analysis was subjected to the activity of the protagonist until 1977. Plesnar was an active member of the Club of Young Catholics at the University of Wroclaw, co-founder of the Young Democrats (ZMD). Already in the sixties he was convicted for opposition activities. In the seventies he was an activist of Polish Esperanto Association. He participated in protests against changes in the Constitution of the PRL. Since 1977 belonged to the members of the Movement in Defense of the Rights of Man and Citizen (ROPCiO) and the leader of the Movement of Free Democrats (RWD), an activist of the Wroclaw opposition. Within the Movement sought to participation of the opposition in legitimate forms of political activity, including in the elections to the Sejm PRL, while remaining critical of the existing system.
the Free Democrats Movement Alliance of Young Democrats Ruch Wolnych Demokratów Związek Młodych Demokratów democratic opposition opozycja demokratyczna komunizm communism
A Portrait of Wanda Półtawska Against the Background of Social and Moral Complexities of the 20th Century
Wanda Półtawska belonged to the departing generation of „Columbus”. Born in Lublin, where she was deprived of any of youth well-being, she always preferred to use the term “providence” to describe her adolescence. During the World War II she became the victim of medical experiments in concentration camp Ravensbrück. After the war she lived in Cracow. In her search for spiritual consolation from post-camp trauma she encounters a charismatic priest – Karol Wojtyła. This meeting developed into a genuine friendship, crowned with spiritual adoption. Półtawska turned out to be not only a devoted trustee of the bishop Wojtyła, but also his intellectual superstructure. She was and still is a voice of conscience, advocate of marital chastity und relentless defender of conceived life. Throughout her post-war life she was engaged in numerous initiatives created and developed by bishop Wojtyła, such as marriage counselling or Institute for Theology of the Family. After election of cardinal Wojtyła to the Pope she had been called to Rome, where she soon became an expert on the encyclical “Humanae Vitae”. She worked as a lecturer at the Institute for Studies of Marriage and Family, a subsidiary of Pontifical Lateran University. She also became a member of an elite academy Pro-Vita, where a famous event of miraculous healing from a cancer through the intercession of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina took place. She was present at John Paul II’s death bed. She is also known as author of many scientific and popular-scientific papers dealing with pastoral medicine. She was decorated with numerous medals and awards and is still ready to serve despite her age and devastating illness.
theology of the body marriage counselling teologia ciała Ravensbrück poradnia małżeńska Jan Paweł II aborcja John Paul II abortion
The Case of KLD. A History of a Community
The article is an attempt to scratch environmental portrait „of Gdansk liberals” who founded the Congress of the Liberal-Democratic. KLD came from Gdansk Social Economic „Congress Liberals”, an informal organization set up two years earlier, a grouping of opposition from environmental Donald Tusk, Janusz Lewandowski and Jan Krzysztof Bielecki – the creators of the magazine „Political Review”. National conference founder held on 29 and 30 June 1990, the group formally registered on October 9 of the same year. His program KLD described as „pragmatic liberalism”. He preached the need for privatization and extension of the scope of the free market. He advocated the Polish integration with Western structures, carefully carried decommunization and the ideological neutrality of the state.
the Congress of the Liberal-Democratic Polish liberalism Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny polski liberalizm transformacja ustrojowa myśl polityczna system polityczny political thought political transformation political system
Conference History is made by people – biographical novels in contemporary studies of history, Łódź, 14–15 April, 2016
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