Finding Poland’s International Position
- Institution: Leiden University (Netherlands)
- Year of publication: 2019
- Source: Show
- Pages: 90-102
- DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2019105
- PDF: ppsy/48-1/ppsy2019105.pdf
The changing political system of the XXI century has brought many shifts not only in the global balance of power but also in various regional balances scattered across the globe. The rise of national power in countries beforehand classified as small powers or other equivalents has forced to once again place these states in the newly created balances of power. Amongst these states is Poland, whose national power has grown substantially in the last decade. Hence, it is necessary to analyze how Poland compares to other states in the international system, on a global and regional level, and through this evaluate what Poland’s international position is. The article aims at assessing Polish national power and roles in regional initiatives to examine how Poland is placed in the global and regional balance of power.
References:
- Global Fire Power. (2018). “2018 Military Strength Ranking”. Retrieved from: https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp.
- Batt, J. (2002). Introduction: Regions, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, Regional and Federal Studies, 12:2, 1–14, DOI: 10.1080/714004741
- Białoskórski, R., Kobryński, R., Sułek, M. (2017). Potęga Państwa 2017: Międzynarodowy Układ Sił w Procesie Zmian, Raport Potęgometryczny, Warsaw: Aspra-JR.
- “Big, bad Visegrad” (2016 January 18). The Economist. Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/europe/2016/01/28/big-bad-visegrad.
- Central intelligence Agency (2018), “Poland”, The World Factbook, Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html.
- Central Statistical Office (2017). 2017 Yearbook of Foreign Trade Statistics of Poland. Warsaw: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych.
- Dąborowski, T., Rodkiewicz, W. (2016). Rumunia w Systemie Obrony Przeciwrakietowej. Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich. Retrieved from: https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2016-05-18/rumunia-w-systemie-obrony-przeciwrakietowej.
- Engdahl F.W. (2017 December 08). “The Geopolitics of Poland’s “Three Seas Initiative”. Global Research – Centre for Research on Globalization. Retrieved from: https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-geopolitics-of-polands-three-seas-initiative/5621888.
- Friedman, G. (2009). The next 100 years: A forecast for the 21st New York: Doubleday.
- “Foreign Direct Investment in Poland in 2016” (2017). National Bank of Poland. Retrieved from: http://www.nbp.pl/homen.aspx?f=/en/publikacje/ziben/ziben.html.
- “Gospodarowanie Mieniem w Jednostkach Wojskowych o Niskim Wskaźniku Rozwinięcia” (2017). Supreme Audit Office. Retrieved from: https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,15139,vp,17612.pdf.
- Góra-Szopiński, D. (2017 July 06). „Trimarium is not Intermarium”. New Eastern Europe. Retrieved from: http://neweasterneurope.eu/2017/07/06/trimarium-is-not-intermarium/.
- Holbraad, C. (1984). Middle powers in international politics. London: Macmillan.
- Höhn, K.H. (2011). Geopolitics and the Measurement of National Power (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universität Hamburg, Hamburg.
- Instytut Europa (2017). Indeks Mocy Państw. Retrieved from: http://index.ineuropa.pl/ranking-mocy-panstw/.
- Mearsheimer, J.J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power politics. New York: Norton.
- (2018). “Military expenditure by country as percentage of gross domestic product, 2003–2017”
- Morgenthau, H.J., & Thompson, K.W. (1993). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Nagorski, W. (2006). The Quest for Leadership in post-1989 Central Eastern Europe: Poland’s Rise to the Middle (Unpublished master’s dissertation). Central European University, Budapest.
- Nałęcz, D. (2017 July 06). „Intermarium vs the Three Seas Initiative”. New Eastern Europe. Retrieved from: http://neweasterneurope.eu/old_site/articles-and-commentary/1018-intermarium/2438-intermarium-vs-the-three-seas-initiative.
- Nolte, D. (2010). How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics. Review of International Studies, 36(4), 881–901. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026021051000135X
- OECD (2018), OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2018 Issue 2, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_outlook-v2018-2-en.
- Okulewicz P. (2001). Koncepcja „Międzymorza” w myśli i praktyce politycznej obozu Józefa Piłsudskiego w latach 1918–1926. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie.
- Palowski, J (2017 April 21). „Polska Zwiększy Wydatki Obronne do 2,5% PKB. Nowy Projekt Ustawy”. Defense24. Retrieved from: http://www.defence24.pl/polska-zwiekszy-wydatki-obronne-do-25-pkb-nowy-projekt-ustawy.
- Patience, A. (2014) Imagining middle powers, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68:2, 210–224, DOI: 10.1080/10357718.2013.840557
- “Podstawowe Informacje o Budżecie Resortu Obrony Narodowej na 2017 Rok” (2017). Ministry of National Defense. Retrieved from: http://www.mon.gov.pl/d/pliki/dokumenty/rozne/2017/02/budzet2017.pdf.
- “Podstawowe Informacje o Budżecie Resortu Obrony Narodowej na 2018 Rok” (2018). Ministry of National Defense. Retrieved from: http://www.mon.gov.pl/d/pliki/dokumenty/rozne/2018/02/budzet2018.pdf.
- “Poland’s GDP Growth to Reach 4% in 2017, Before Slowing Down in 2018, Says World Bank”, The World Bank (2017, October 19). Retrieved from: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/10/19/poland-gdp-growth-to-reach-4–2017-before-slowing-down-2018-says-world-bank.
- “Polish Direct Investment Abroad in 2016” (2017). National Bank of Poland. Retrieved from: http://www.nbp.pl/homen.aspx?f=/en/publikacje/piben/piben.html.
- Prizel, I. (1998). National Identitiy and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Quille, G. (2006). Note: The EU Battlegroups. Brussels: The European Parliament.
- Spero, J.B. (2009). Great Power Security Dilemmas for Pivotal Middle Power Bridging, Contemporary Security Policy, 30:1, 147–171, DOI: 10.1080/13523260902760355
- Statistical Information Centre (26.04.2018). “Annual Macroeconomic Indicators”, Retrieved from: https://stat.gov.pl/en/poland-macroeconomic-indicators/.
- “Strategia Polskiej Polityki Zagranicznej” (2017). Retrieved from: http://msz.gov.pl/pl/polityka_zagraniczna/priorytety_polityki_zagr_2017_2021/?channel=www.
- Szymański, P., Dąborowski, T. (2016). NATO na Wschodniej Flance – Nowy Paradygmat. Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich. Retrieved from: https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2016-07-13/nato-na-wschodniej-flance-nowy-paradygmat.
- Sułek, M. (2001). Podstawy Potęgonomii i Potęgometrii. Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii i Administracji w Kielcach.
- “The Joint Statement on the Three Seas Initiative (The Dubrovnik Statement)” (2016). Retrieved from: http://predsjednica.hr/files/The%20Joint%20Statement%20on%20The%20Three%20Seas%20Initiative%281%29.pdf.
- “The World According to GaWC” (2016). Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Retrieved from: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html.
- The World Bank (2018). GDP in Current US$. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD.
- The World Bank (2018), GDP growth (annual %), Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?year_high_desc=true.
- The World Bank (2018), GDP, PPP (current international $), Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD.
- The World Bank (2018), GDP per capita, PPP (current international $), Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD.
- Visegrad Group (2014 July 3). “Visegrad Countries May Turn EU Battlegroup into Permanent V4 Rapid Reaction Force”. Atlantic Council. Retrieved from: http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/visegrad-countries-may-turn-eu-battlegroup-into-permanent-v4-rapid-reaction-force.
- Waltz, K.N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
- Zaborowski M., Longhurst, K. (2003). “America’s protégé in the East? The Emergence of Poland as a Regional Leader”. International Affairs Vol. 79, No. 5. pp. 1009–1028.
- Zając, J. (2016). Poland’s Security Policy the West, Russia, and the Changing International Order. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
economic strength militaristic capabilities regional power middle power national power Eastern Europe Poland