Volume 49 (2020)

Contents

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-4
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy20201toc.pdf

Polish Political Science Yearbook, 49(1). Published online: March 31, 2020. The Polish Political Science Yearbook is international peer-reviewed journal indexed in: American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies (ABSEES) Online, BazHum, Central and Eastern European Online Library, Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (cejsh.icm.edu.pl), Columbia International Affairs Online, Cosmos Impact Factor, Directory of Open Access Journals, Electronic Journals Library, ERIH Plus, Gale PowerSearch, Google Scholar, HeinOnline, IBR – International Bibliography of Book Reviews of Scholarly Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences, IBZ – International Bibliography of Periodical Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences, ICI Journals Master List, International Political Science Abstracts, Open Academic Journals Index, POL-Index (Polska Bibliografia Naukowa) and The Lancaster Index.

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Editorial

  • Author: Joanna Marszałek-Kawa
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4201-8028
  • Author: Kamila Rezmer-Płotka
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1458-5076
  • Author: Bartosz Płotka
  • Institution: Center for Eastern Studies (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-2046
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 5-8
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020101
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020101.pdf

Measuring the Progress in Realizing the Strategy “Europe 2020” in 2010-2016 in 28 European Union Member States

  • Author: Piotr Siemiątkowski
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9897-3139
  • Author: Ewa Jankowska
  • Institution: WSB University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1002-2890
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 11-31
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020102
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020102.pdf

The paper presents the results of the research over the measurement of the progress in the realization of the objectives specified in “Europe 2020 - a strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth” in 2016 in comparison with 2010. The analysis availed itself of the statistical data of Eurostat which describes the main indicators of the strategy for all member states of the European Union. The available empirical data allowed for constructing a synthetic measure reflecting the progress in realizing the objectives specified in the Strategy. The analysis of the values that the said measure assumed became a basis for creating a rating of EU member states for two distinct years that were subject to scrutiny. Also, there was specified the variation in the value of the said measure and the changes in the positions occupied by particular states in the mentioned rating. What was also conducted was a cluster analysis, which allowed for dividing the scrutinized countries into groups in case they are described by more than one property. Except for this and as compared to all the previous works on the subject, the method of the construction of the synthetic measure was considerably sharpened.

indicators synthetic measure taxonomic analysis Europe 2020

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Poland’s Cultural Relations with Middle-Eastern Arab Countries

  • Author: Jacek Knopek
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9878-5808
  • Author: Zbigniew Danielewicz
  • Institution: Koszalin University of Technology (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1782-6875
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 32-47
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020103
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020103.pdf

The article takes up the subject of Poland’s cultural relations with some Middle Eastern Arab countries, i.e. with Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Palestine in particular. It has been done in historical perspective, analyzing development of the connections, the determinants influencing the course of changes, and political events and processes that have been strengthening or weakening the ties. Despite the long geographical distance between Poland and the Middle East, the cultural ties have turned out to be astonishingly rich, which was so partly due to the idiosyncrasy of their history - abound with wars and full of dramatic transformations. The three-part text begins with a historic overview of the relations that have gained a momentum during the World War II and in the post-war decades. Part two concerns the relations on official diplomatic level, usually ending up in initialed agreements and exchanging official visits. And the last part scrutinizes the spontaneous grassroots links forged between groups, individuals and non-political institutions. In this case the links embrace the field of academia, education, high culture and private lives of individuals and families.

grass-roots cultural ties diplomatic ties and agreements Middle-Eastern Arab countries Poland intercultural relations

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Model Changes of Polish Public Administration and Processes of Political and Structural Transformation

  • Author: Agnieszka Lipska-Sondecka
  • Institution: Pomeranian University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8911-4087
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 48-54
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020104
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020104.pdf

The model transformations of Polish public administration after 1989 were the result of the necessary and inevitable consequence of events related to erosion and the collapse of the „real socialism” system. Its internal decomposition, as a result of social reality inadequacy, created a situation in which it was possible to undertake deep systemic reforms in Poland. Democratization of the government system in Poland was an extremely complex process generating numerous problems and showing the scale of adversity in all spheres of social life. All political and structural changes in Poland after 1989 were also possible due to propitious external, international conditions. Especially the collapse of the USSR brought certain possibilities for Poland and other countries in Central and Eastern Europe to regain full sovereignty, which was later expressed in membership in NATO, the Council of Europe, and then European Union accession. As a result of the systemic and political transformation process, the administration has become an extremely important cell in the democratic legal order and the entity responsible for the implementation of a significant part of public tasks at the local, supra-local and regional levels.

political system transformation public administration administrative apparatus the reforms of political system

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Changes in the Party System in the Context of Deconsolidation of Democracy in Poland

  • Author: Waldemar Wojtasik
  • Institution: University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9111-1723
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 55-66
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020105
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020105.pdf

The party system and the parties within it were ones of the relevant elements of system transformation in Poland. We can identify several significant determinants of the process with regard to this area. The first of them is formal standards and their influence on the course of political competition. The second is the functions attributed to political parties in the political and party system. The third one is connected with the significance of social structure’s specificity and its influence on voting behaviors. The fourth determinant is the models of competition at the cabinet level. The paper presents these four determinants of development of political parties and the party system in Poland in the perspective of democratization processes.

Polish political parties voting behaviors in Poland models of competition at the cabinet level functions of political parties Polish party system

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Directions of Poland’s Energy Security Policy in the Natural Gas Sector

  • Author: Małgorzata Kamola-Cieślik
  • Institution: University of Szczecin (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2956-3969
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 67-84
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020106
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020106.pdf

Poland has insufficient natural gas resources to satisfy its needs. That is why it has been dependent on the imports of that raw material. One of the challenges facing the Polish government is limiting Poland’s dependency on Russian gas. The objective of the paper is to present the directions of the Polish government’s energy security policy in terms of natural gas in the years of 2015-2018. Particular attention was paid to the assumptions and the implementation of the government’s gas policy in terms of the situation in the European Union gas market. An attempt was made to answer the question: To what extent have the assumptions of policy of the government of the Law and Justice party regarding Poland’s gas security been realized? In an attempt to answer the question so formulated, the following methods were used in the study: a decision-making method, formal-legal method, statistical and comparative methods. On the grounds of the conducted research, it needs to be concluded that after 2015, as a result of the government’s policy, the imports of natural gas from the east to Poland were reduced with a simultaneous diversification of the direction from which this raw material was delivered. The resignation from the deliveries of Russian gas to Poland after 2022 will be possible thanks to putting Baltic Pipe gas pipeline into operation and raising the flow capacity of Świnoujście LNG terminal. The implementation of these investments will have a positive impact on the improvement of Poland’s gas security. Failure to launch the investments and an increase of gas consumption in Poland will make it necessary to conclude a short-term Polish-Russian agreement for imports of that fuel to Poland.

government’s decisions energy security policy domestic resources project implementation European Union

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Religious Determinants of Socio-Political Openness of Young Silesians in Poland

  • Author: Agnieszka Turska-Kawa
  • Institution: University of Silesia (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2748-7037
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 85-100
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020107
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020107.pdf

The aim of the presented study was to diagnose the role of religious engagement in the social attitudes of young Silesians, operationalized on the continuum of closeness vs. openness in three areas: (1) community engagement, (2) approval for religion’s interference in the public space, and (3) accepting Catholic Church hierarchs’ views on problems such as euthanasia, artificial contraception, homosexual relationships and in vitro fertilization. The group defined in the presented study is young (age: 16-19) Silesians from Śląskie (Silesian) Province, for whom religion is one of the fundamental values and is regarded by scholars as the core of their identity (N=567). The results of the study confirm that religious engagement is a significant predictor of a closed social attitude in two out of three areas proposed in the model. Higher religious engagement promotes the desire to incorporate the approved religious principles into the secular space. Religious engagement is also a significant predictor of acceptance of Catholic Church hierarchs’ views on underlined problems. The analysis did not show any significant relationships between religious engagement in community engagement of young Silesians.

community engagement young Silesians religious engagement religiosity in Poland

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Memory and Politics of Memory in Terms of the Memes Theory. With Reference to an Example of the Idea of Polish Heroism

  • Author: Anna Ratke-Majewska
  • Institution: University of Zielona Góra (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0845-5061
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 101-111
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020108
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020108.pdf

The purpose of the article is to verify the hypothesis that the idea of Polish heroism constitutes an effectively duplicating and spreading meme, and stories of the past constructed in the framework of Polish politics of memory will be effective precisely when they refer to memes duplicated most often in the community. The article proves therefore that the Polish state politics of memory should be shaped on the basis of memes that replicate the most in Polish society, because only then does it have a chance to achieve its goals. What is more, this principle can also be applied to other countries that pursue a politics of memory. It was possible to obtain answers to the research questions raised in the text (in order to verify the hypotheses) due to the use of mutually complementary research methods: analysis of narrative structures and content analysis. The article presents the results of the author’s own research with comments and conclusions.

idea of Polish heroism memes theory meme politics of memory memory

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The Freedom of Movement in Times of Neo-Militant Democracy

  • Author: Joanna Rak
  • Institution: Adam Mickiewicz University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-3684
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 115-116
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020109
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020109.pdf

Book review: Monika Bator-Bryła, Public Order and Public Safety - Free Movement of Persons: The Case Law of the CJEU, Toruń 2019, pp. 239

One Initiative, Many Solutions - Chinese Belt and Road Initiative for Comprehensive Development

  • Author: Bartosz Płotka
  • Institution: Center for Eastern Studies (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-2046
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 117-118
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020110
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020110.pdf

Book Review: Wang Yiwei, Inicjatywa “Jeden Pas i Jedna Droga”. Co rozwój Chin oznacza dla świata, Adam Marszałek Publishing House, Toruń 2016, pp. 248

Perspectives for Oceania from the Polish academia

  • Author: Joanna Siekiera
  • Institution: University of Bergen (Norway)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-9121
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 119-121
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020111
  • PDF: ppsy/49-1/ppsy2020111.pdf

The 11th National Conference of the Australia, New Zealand and Oceania Research Association Problems and perspectives of development of the Oceania states. Lublin, (December 13, 2019), The Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management at the Marie Curie-Skłodowska University, and the Australia, New Zealand and Oceania Research Association (ANZORA).

Contents

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-4
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy20202toc.pdf

Polish Political Science Yearbook, 49(2). Published online: June 30, 2020. The Polish Political Science Yearbook is international peer-reviewed journal indexed in: American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies (ABSEES) Online, BazHum, Central and Eastern European Online Library, Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (cejsh.icm.edu.pl), Columbia International Affairs Online, Cosmos Impact Factor, Directory of Open Access Journals, Electronic Journals Library, ERIH Plus, Gale PowerSearch, Google Scholar, HeinOnline, IBR – International Bibliography of Book Reviews of Scholarly Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences, IBZ – International Bibliography of Periodical Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences, ICI Journals Master List, International Political Science Abstracts, Open Academic Journals Index, POL-Index (Polska Bibliografia Naukowa) and The Lancaster Index.

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Editorial

  • Author: Akmal Saidov
  • Institution: National Centre on Human Rights of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbekistan)
  • Author: Marifjon Usmanov
  • Institution: National Centre on Human Rights of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbekistan)
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 5-8
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020201
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020201.pdf

Uzbekistan: A State Undergoing Total Reconstruction

  • Author: Tadeusz Bodio
  • Institution: University of Warsaw
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8873-7434
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 11-40
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020202
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020202.pdf

This study attempts to demonstrate the reform strategies implemented in the last three years in Uzbekistan. The author focuses on analyzing the implementation of five priorities of this strategy - the dialogue between the authorities and society, human resources and management system, economy and social sphere, security and foreign policy. He devotes a great deal of attention to present the image of the architect of these reforms - the president of the state. The author emphasizes that the style of exercising power, including the implementation of reforms by Shavkat Mirziyoyev, fits into the model of transformational leadership. It is a reforming, missionary, and servant (national) leadership tailored to the expectations and aspirations of the society, but also burdened with high risk, regardless of the starting conditions for the reconstruction of the state.

Shavkat Mirziyoyev leadership style state reconstruction strategy political dialogue human resources and management system economy and social sphere security and foreign policy Uzbekistan

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Conceptualizing the Theoretical Category of Neo-militant Democracy: The Case of Hungary

  • Author: Joanna Rak
  • Institution: Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-3684
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 61-70
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020204
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020204.pdf

The article aims to formulate a theoretical category of neo-militant democracy that applies to study the nature and dynamics of democratic regimes after the 2008 economic crisis. It conducts an empirical test to verify the analytical effectiveness of the redeveloped category. The test takes a form of the case study of the Hungarian political system. Apart from a verification-objective, the research aims to identify and account for the dynamics of the Hungarian regime in terms of the neo-militant democracy principle. The qualitative method of source analysis serves to collect data on the processes of becoming neo-militant democracy. The selection of sources is deliberate and oriented on finding information about the implementation of neo-militant democracy measures in Hungary (2008-2019). The technique of qualitative content analysis applies to identify the nature of these processes. The theoretical tool is the category of neo-militant democracy, which simultaneously undergoes the empirical test. The main argument is that the process of becoming neo-militant democracy took a traditional form since the Hungarian neo-militant democracy principle drew on the traditional means introduced by Loewenstein rather than innovations advanced by the current research

hybrid regime Karl Loewenstein militant democracy political regime authoritarianism Hungary

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Political Process, Crisis and Legitimacy in Poland

  • Author: Hector Calleros
  • Institution: University of Warsaw (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5689-5075
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 71-91
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020205
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020205.pdf

The paper examines the conflict over the control of the integration of Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal (CT) that evolved into a constitutional crisis in October 2015 - and has extended for more than two years. It identifies issues that help understand how the Polish Democracy does not impede the erosion of constitutional democracy as the conflict has undermined the CT and the function of judicial review (JR). The article examines issues of legitimacy that emerge from the crisis; it also examines the extent to which the institutional settings condition the operation of the JR function; in particular, it looks at the role of executive actors (the Government and the President), and the role of the political/parliamentary party in bridging the separation of powers.

constitutional democracy judicial review political process legitimacy Poland Constitutional Tribunal,

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Where Does the Buck Stop with the Backstop? The Irish-UK Border in Brexit Negotiations: June 2016-January 2019

  • Author: Paul McNamara
  • Institution: Technical University of Koszalin (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1688-1709
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 92-126
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020206
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020206.pdf

The abject failure of British Prime Minister Theresa May to get the United Kingdom’s (UK) Withdrawal Agreement from the European Union (EU) through Parliament on 15 January 2019, with MPs overwhelmingly rejecting it by 432 votes to 202, has been put down to a variety of reasons. Primary among them has been the question of the post-Brexit status of the land border between the Republic of Ireland and the UK’s province of Northern Ireland. Although an issue which was initially seen as of minor importance, the significance of the Irish border steadily grew over time until it became the main stumbling block in UKEU Brexit negotiations brought about by the decision of the British people to leave the EU in a referendum held on 23 June 2016. Indeed, the key term of the ensuing debate, namely ‘the Irish backstop’, produced such confusion among politicians, political pundits and the general public that the House of Commons, split between so-called Brexiteers and Remainers, decided to reject May’s deal out of hand. This article seeks to argue that, from June 2016 (the time of the referendum) up to January 2019 (the time of the first vote on May’s Brexit deal in Parliament), the issue of the Irish backstop was seriously underestimated before suddenly taking centre stage and ultimately sabotaging the Withdrawal Agreement from within.

Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland negotiations border backstop Brexit European Union United Kingdom

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Space Defense in Europe. Policy and Security Aspects

  • Author: Małgorzata Polkowska
  • Institution: War Studies University
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6633-2222
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 127-139
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020207
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020207.pdf

Today countries participating in space activities, share serious concerns about militarization of space. The defense of space can become an important issue in the international arena, because counteracting emerging threats will probably be associated not only with the development of technology and operational capabilities, but also with the creation of political alliances or attempts at international agreement on certain “rules of the game” for space operations. Ultimately, the growing importance of “space for defense” creates the need for “defense of space”. Individual countries remain the main actors in the field of space defense. Military strategies are defined at national level, and the development and exploitation of military space assets are managed by national organizations. Today, most European countries recognize space as a strategic area, next to land, sea, air and, increasingly, cyberspace, but they have adopted different policies and doctrines depending on their sensitivity, priorities and concerns. European space forces also have different governance structures with significant differences in the distribution of roles and responsibilities, including space agencies and private entities.

space capabilities space security Space Situational Awareness space Defense

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Studying Political Violence Using Game Theory Models: Research Approaches and Assumptions

  • Author: Mateusz Wajzer
  • Institution: University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-883X
  • Author: Monika Cukier-Syguła
  • Institution: University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6211-3500
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 143-157
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020208
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020208.pdf

The purpose of the paper is to concisely present basic applications of game theory models for a scientific description of political violence. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part discusses the key theoretical issues including: the assumption of the players’ rationality, the assumption of the players’ common knowledge of their rationality, the Nash equilibrium concept, Pareto optimality, the Nash arbitration scheme and the concept of evolutionarily stable strategies. The second and third parts contain examples of uses of selected models of classical and evolutionary games in the studies on political violence. The following two interaction schemes were used to that end: the Prisoner’s Dilemma and Chicken. The paper ends with a summary and discussion. The key feature of the discussed models is their methodological simplicity, as demonstrated by the lack of need to use complicated mathematical methods. This is why the paper is mainly addressed to individuals who had not studied game theory before or who have insufficient knowledge in the field to conduct own studies.

Chicken game Prisoner’s Dilemma game evolutionary models classical models game theory political violence

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Generationally Diversified Labor Groups in Contemporary Labor Market. A Chance or a Threat for Organizations?

  • Author: Rafał Muster
  • Institution: University of Silesia (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8255-7803
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 170-188
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020210
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020210.pdf

Demographic changes connected with aging of Polish society shall determine the situation in the labor market to an ever-growing extent. The increase of average lifespan in combination with limited options of early retirement and smaller supply of employees shall lead to higher percentage of personnel aged 60 and more inside organizations. All these factors signify that more and more frequently contemporary companies shall function with personnel characterized by a truly large age gap. Undoubtedly, age of employees significantly influences their attitude to work, system of values, loyalty toward both the co-workers and the employer, as well their professional ambitions. In spite of these major differences, individuals from various generations will be forced to cooperate in the same teams. This article presents partial results of empiric studies dealing with the issue of generational diversification of human resources conducted in local labor market of the city of Ruda Śląska, both among the employees and employers. Opinions of employees and employers concerning the quality of mutual cooperation of individuals characterized by large age differences have been analyzed and simultaneously potential opportunities for mutual learning of employees belonging to different age groups have been presented.

cooperation of individuals belonging to various age groups aging of society generations labor market

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Handbook of Social Science Methodology for Students and Course Instructors

  • Author: Joanna Rak
  • Institution: Adam Mickiewicz University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-3684
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 191–193
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020211
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020211.pdf

Book review: Dawn Brancati, Social Scientific Research, SAGE Publications, Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne 2018, pp. 384.

Mass Media as “Fourth Power” and International Security

  • Author: Kamila Rezmer-Płotka
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1458-5076
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 194-195
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020212
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020212.pdf

Book review: Jarosław Wiśnicki, Czwarta władza w kontekście konfliktów zbrojnych i ataków terrorystycznych, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2018, pp. 249.

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Maritime Biodiversity from the French State’s Perspective

  • Author: Joanna Siekiera
  • Institution: University of Bergen (Norway)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-9121
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 199-202
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020213
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020213.pdf

“Together, protecting marine biodiversity: know how to act” was the French governmental conference organized by three ministries in Paris on 12 March 2020. Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Alimentation, and Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition along with two research think tanks, Ifremer and OFB have organized the “day of biodiversity”. Participants were mostly researchers, governmental and local officials, business leaders, fishermen, representatives of associations and foundations, all from France. Thus, the language of the conference was French. The conference took place in the 13th century Collège of Bernardins, a former Cistercian college of the historic University of Paris. Experts and audience shared reflections and discussions on major research issues on ocean change, as well as the French position towards global maritime policy in order to find proposals for sustainable management and protection of the ocean.

ocean change French territories ocean maritime biodiversity climate change France

A Lioness Turned into a Fox. A Political Realist View of Myanmar’s Aung San Suu Kyi

  • Author: Michał Lubina
  • Institution: Jagiellonian University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-1763
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 41-57
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020203
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020203.pdf

For long Aung San Suu Kyi has been considered a global hero. After 2012, however, that deification has given way to condemnation. Suu Kyi was a hero; a hero who after 2012 betrayed the alleged values. The reason of this radical change of perception is the fact that until 2012 Suu Kyi had been considered a personification of idealism in politics and for “betraying” these values she has been criticized since then. This article claims that both mentioned discourses on Suu Kyi miss the point and are being built on wrong assumptions. Contrary to popular belief Suu Kyi has always been a politician; more: a realist politician. Therefore, the aspects that should be questioned are not whether is she a good or bad one or whether she turned away from the people or even whether she has changed or not, etc. The question is, whether she is a skillful politician – she must be judged by the ethic of responsibility. Suu Kyi’s tactics evolved according with changing political circumstances – she combined two archetypes of political behavior: that of a “lion”, or rather “lioness” and that of a “fox”. That itself shows one thing: Suu Kyi possesses prudence, the ultimate political value.

Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar Burma individuals in politics political realism

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Recognition of National Football Federations and the Diplomatic Role of FIFA

  • Author: Michał Marcin Kobierecki
  • Institution: University of Łódź, (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8180-5710
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 158–169
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020209
  • PDF: ppsy/49-2/ppsy2020209.pdf

The paper refers to the category of sports diplomacy and aims to investigate the issue of diplomatic subjectivity of international sports organizations, by the example of FIFA and its prerogative to grant membership to national football federations. Such processes on some occasions are connected to political and diplomatic significance, particularly in relation to states without universal international recognition, for whom participation in international sport is an important tool in their struggle for legitimization. The research question that the author attempts to answer is whether membership of national sports organization in the international sports federations can be meaningful from the perspective of the state’s endeavors toward securing international recognition. The hypothesis stated that the prerogative of international sports bodies such as FIFA to recognize national sports federations enhances their diplomatic subjectivity.

FIFA legitimization sport and politics sports diplomacy

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Contents

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-4
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy20203toc.pdf

Polish Political Science Yearbook, 49(3). Published online: September 30, 2020. The Polish Political Science Yearbook is international peer-reviewed journal indexed in: American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies (ABSEES) Online, BazHum, Central and Eastern European Online Library, Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (cejsh.icm.edu.pl), Columbia International Affairs Online, Cosmos Impact Factor, Directory of Open Access Journals, Electronic Journals Library, ERIH Plus, Gale PowerSearch, Google Scholar, HeinOnline, IBR – International Bibliography of Book Reviews of Scholarly Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences, IBZ – International Bibliography of Periodical Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences, ICI Journals Master List, International Political Science Abstracts, Open Academic Journals Index, POL-Index (Polska Bibliografia Naukowa) and The Lancaster Index.

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Editorial

  • Author: Adam Paweł Olechowski
  • Institution: Secretary General of the Main Board of the Polish-Chinese Friendship Association
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4331-8428
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 5–6
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020301
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020301.pdf

The Functions and Problems of China’s State-Owned Economy

  • Author: Wei-xiao Jia
  • Institution: Fudan University, China
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1975-5932
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 9-29
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020302
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020302.pdf

At the national symposium on the reform of state-owned enterprises, General Secretary Xi Jinping gave important instructions that state-owned enterprises are important forces in strengthening the country’s overall strength and safeguarding the common interests of the people. Therefore, the country must make state-owned enterprises „stronger, better, and bigger”. Huge objections arose in the academic field. This article thoroughly analyzes China’s state-owned economy from the perspective of Marx’s historical materialism, national productivity, and social development, and clarifies the historical status and role of China’s state-owned economy. At the same time, this article comprehensively analyzes the economic significance of making state-owned enterprises „stronger, better, and bigger” from the perspective of total factor productivity, and proposes that since the state-owned economy is backed up by the state, investing in technology research and development has its advantages. However, because the state-owned economy is biased toward administrative instructions, it often lacks efficiency, so if the state-owned economy wants to become „stronger, better, and bigger”, it must undergo reforms in terms of management efficiency.

productivity materialism state-owned economic reform

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Dangerous, Yet Not So Unique. Characteristics of the Chinese Social Credit System

  • Author: Jan Pabisiak
  • Institution: University of Wrocław, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6102-4389
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 30-53
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020303
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020303.pdf

Since 2015, the Social Credit System - an initiative of the government of the People’s Republic of China which aims to strengthen trustworthiness of the business entities and citizens, promote obedience to law and customs, and develop the Communist Party of China’s control over social trends and potential threats to the political stability - has been attracting worldwide attention. International media portrays the System as a mechanism which leads China to totalitarianism and destroys hope for development of the Chinese democratic movement. Therefore, interests of both sides, the West and China, are seen as contradictory. Harmful beliefs like the one that Chinese still export products of poor quality and on the Chinese side that the Western ideals lead to demoralization are common thanks to some sort of Occidental and Oriental propaganda. That is why it is necessary to compile and analyze the known facts regarding the Social Credit System, which in contrast to the media narration turns out to be a tool with interesting capabilities, not necessarily contradictory to the other major civilizations’ values.

scoring blacklist Reputation trustworthiness surveillance Social Credit System China

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Illuminating Shanghai: Light, Heritage, Power

  • Author: Karolina Pawlik
  • Institution: USC-SJTU Institute of Cultural and Creative Industry
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1847-9174
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 54-74
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020304
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020304.pdf

This paper explores the complex connection between heritage, light and power in Shanghai since the late 19th Century, and seeks a new understanding of how mutually coupled legacies of modernity, socialism and cosmopolitanism continue to shape this city’s unique identity and image. It focuses on the recent ideological remake of the skyline along the Huangpu River, achieved largely through the flamboyant illumination designed in 2018. Combining a number of visual and textual sources with fieldwork, it reveals the persistent symbolic role the city has played in a triumphant socialist cause, and assesses how past promises of a new Shanghai and a bright future for China have been sustained in the Reform Era. It forms a preliminary attempt to depict what the author argues should be perceived and studied as the engineering of a new propaganda medium which intersects with urban space governance. The implications of this project are discussed in the context of the threats and opportunities for Shanghai in terms of maintaining the city’s unique character and meaning coming from its own history and culture, rather than in terms of Shanghai simply being a vehicle for China’s modernity.

light modernity Shanghai propaganda urban lighting

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A Comparison of Nisga’a Self-Government and International Standards of Indigenous Self-Determination

  • Author: Agnieszka Szpak
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7601-1230
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 77-95
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020305
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020305.pdf

The paper concentrates on the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples on the basis of the Nisga’a Nation. The author analyzes the most important provisions of the Nisga’a Final Agreement, in particular those envisaging self-determination of the Nisga’a Nation. Then the author briefly examines the Nisga’a Constitution which may be regarded as a means to implement the Nisga’a Final Agreement. It shows how the Nisga’a selfgovernance model fits into the provisions on self-determination of indigenous peoples. The thesis of this paper is that the Nisga’a self-governance is consonant with international legal standards expressed in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Nisga’a selfgovernment model is much more than just cultural autonomy: it actually amounts to political autonomy. This subject is worth exploring because it may serve as a pattern to be followed with reference to other indigenous peoples, not only in Canada.

Nisga’a Nation right to self-determination indigenous peoples self-governance

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Possibility of Implementing the Concept of the Intermarium in the Context of Militant Democracy in Poland During and After the Coronavirus Pandemic

  • Author: Kamila Rezmer-Płotka
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1458-5076
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 96-110
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020306
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020306.pdf

Intermarium is one of the most important Polish geopolitical concepts. This article considers it within the category of militant democracy. It allows to explore the process of militant democracy, that is, introducing restrictions by legal means. Most restrictions have recently been introduced due to a coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, the article undertakes to examine the potential for implementation of the concept of the Intermarium during the pandemic and shortly after its end. The study uses a qualitative analysis of sources. Indicators relevant to the study of the process of militant democracy were distinguished based on the body of literature. Results: The traditional concept of the Intermarium erodes due to natural causes. Currently, Poland is more inclined to the concept of the Three Seas. In addition, in the face of the analysis that was carried out, it seems that in a pandemic situation we are observing the end of the paradigm of liberal democracy in this case.

militant democracy coronavirus COVID-19 Poland Intermarium pandemic Three Seas

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Research on Systemic Transformation in the Countries of Central Asia

  • Author: Tadeusz Bodio
  • Institution: University of Warsaw, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8873-7434
  • Author: Andrzej Wierzbicki
  • Institution: University of Warsaw, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5493-164X
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 111-133
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020307
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020307.pdf

The article presents the goals, tasks, organization and major stages of implementation of the international programme of research on transformation in the countries Central Asia. The research has been conducted since 1997 by a team of political scientists from the University of Warsaw in cooperation with representatives of other Polish and foreign universities.

post–communism velvet revolutions ethnopolitics political modernization political tradition political transformation Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Central Asia Research programme

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Political Trust vs. Turnout in Modern Democracies

  • Author: Izabela Kapsa
  • Institution: Kazimierz Wielki University, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2342-3682
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 151-160
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020309
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020309.pdf

The article analyzes the relations between political trust - one of the most important values in the life of political communities - and election-related behaviors in the narrow meaning of voting. Researchers investigate the phenomenon of decreasing turnout as one of the expressions of democratic crisis. When studying such a complex problem, it is essential to search for multi-theme causes which might be helpful in understanding the topic and possibly finding a solution for it. The author of this article, while assuming the correctness of analyzes conducted thus far, which indicate that the problem lies in weaker attachment to political parties, less interest in politics and inadequate tools, raises questions whether the decreasing turnout in individual states may be related to the level of trust that citizens put in political institutions and whether there is a relation between these both indicators. In order to answer these questions, the author employs a quantitative analysis of data which derive from reports containing percentage levels of political trust and turnout in the elections, a comparative analysis, as well as an overview of literature on the subject.

voters’ turnout political trust general trust general election e-democracy

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Changes in the Electoral Code and Their Impact on the Security of the Election The Origin for Discussion Based on Selected Comments

  • Author: Karol Pachnik
  • Institution: Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-8522
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 161-170
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020310
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020310.pdf

After the local government elections in Poland in 2018, the adopted solutions aimed at increasing the security of the elections were reviewed. Some of the solutions adopted so far have been abandoned, such as transmissions from the polling station, while others have been minimized (the division of the precinct electoral commissions in the precinct electoral commission for voting in the region and the precinct electoral commission for determining the results of voting in the region). In public opinion polls, the National Electoral Commission achieved record of confidence.

National Electoral Commission security of elections elections

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Challenges of Georgia’s Pension System

  • Author: Jaba Urotadze
  • Institution: Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5567-0595
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 171-185
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020311
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020311.pdf

In 2018, a mandatory funded pension model (second pillar) was introduced in Georgia. At present, the Georgian pension system has three pillars, but the reform does not apply to current pensioners. If society does not trust all three pillars, the chances of reversing the pension reform will rise for two reasons. First, the replacement rate from the first pillar (state redistributive pension) is much lower than in any of the OECD member states. Second, for the majority of participants of the second pillar, pension payments will start in 20-25 years’ time. Such a long period creates uncertainty for many about whether long-term economic growth will be achieved, which in turn would make possible an adequate level of retirement income. This paper attempts to identify means of increasing replacement rates for the state redistributive pension and coverage of the voluntary funded third pillar. The research provides recommendations to enhance the Georgian pension system.

pension replacement rate pension pillars pension reform Georgia

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Contemporary Challenges to Security Sciences

  • Author: Joanna Rak
  • Institution: Adam Mickiewicz University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-3684
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 189-191
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020312
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020312.pdf

Book review: Daniel Kawa (ed.), International Security and State Borders, Adam Marszałek Publishing House, Toruń 2019, pp. 277

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American Diplomatic Engagement in the EU

  • Author: Kamil Pietrasik
  • Institution: Asia-Pacific Society, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-0659
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 194-197
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020314
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020314.pdf

Book review: Michał Dahl, Aktywność dyplomacji USA wobec państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej w latach 2009–2013, Nicolaus Copernicus University Press, Toruń 2019, pp. 224

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Theological Anthropology of the Contemporary Polish Candidate for Altars

  • Author: Kamila Rezmer-Płotka
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1458-5076
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 198-200
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020315
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020315.pdf

Book review: Ryszard Ficek, Christians in socio-political life. An Applied Analysis of the Theological Anthropology of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, Primate of Poland, Adam Marszałek Publishing House, Toruń 2020, pp. 406

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European Science Diplomacy and its Applications to Global Challenges

  • Author: Joanna Siekiera
  • Institution: University of Bergen, Norway
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-9121
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 203-206
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020316
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020316.pdf

European Academy of Diplomacy Warsaw Science Diplomacy School. Warsaw, (June 22-26, 2020), European Academy of Diplomacy and Inventing a shared Science Diplomacy for Europe (InsSciDE)

Warsaw Science Diplomacy School 2020 was the 1st edition of summer school held together by the European Academy of Diplomacy, based in Poland, and the European Union led programme Inventing a shared Science Diplomacy for Europe (InsSciDE). The week-long venue took place online, due to the coronavirus pandemic, between 22-26 June 2020. Class of 2020 consisted of 28 participants from 6 continents, 10 European Union member states and 27 countries in total, where vast majority possessed different nationality and country of residence. Also, the mentors and instructors of the school came from over 13 institutions gathered in the InsSciDe consortium. Participants were divided into 4 teams where they were discussing study cases of how European science diplomacy applies to global challenges. The chosen challenges were the following: Natural resources as public goods for global health; A Matter of Global Epidemic Diplomacy; Scientists in diplomacy during the Scramble for Africa; and A co-production of science and diplomacy in the Law of the Sea.

European Union Europe European diplomacy summer school science diplomacy diplomacy

Contents

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-4
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy20204toc.pdf

Polish Political Science Yearbook, 49(4). Published online: December 31, 2020. The Polish Political Science Yearbook is international peer-reviewed journal indexed in: American Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies (ABSEES) Online, BazHum, Central and Eastern European Online Library, Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (cejsh.icm.edu.pl), Columbia International Affairs Online, Cosmos Impact Factor, Directory of Open Access Journals, Electronic Journals Library, ERIH Plus, Gale PowerSearch, Google Scholar, HeinOnline, IBR – International Bibliography of Book Reviews of Scholarly Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences, IBZ – International Bibliography of Periodical Literature on the Humanities and Social Sciences, ICI Journals Master List, International Political Science Abstracts, Open Academic Journals Index, POL-Index (Polska Bibliografia Naukowa) and The Lancaster Index.

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Language and Politics in India and China: A Cross-Cultural Comparative Study

  • Author: Daniel Komarzyca
  • Institution: University of Wrocław (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1562-994X
  • Author: Janina Fras
  • Institution: University of Wrocław (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0672-482X
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 9-36
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020402
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020402.pdf

This paper provides insights into the relationship between language and politically relevant aspects of culture in India and China which are as follows: attitude toward revolution and tradition, the domination of politics over religion or vice versa, and a concern for the liberty of the individual. The paper introduces a novel approach to the comparative study of civilizations by advancing the political-linguistic explanation. In so doing, it combines Hajime Nakamura’s hypothesis of the strict connection between language and culture (understood as a way of thinking) with Samuel P. Huntington’s emphasis on the impact of cultural differences on the political dimension of society – so that our explanatory model can be expressed as follows: language→culture→politics. As far as language is concerned, the focus is on the basic structure of Sanskrit and Chinese; besides, special attention is given to Indian and Chinese philosophies of language. Culturally, the most relevant schools of Hindu philosophy may be called “ultraconservative” since they tend to ground unchanging meaning firmly in metaphysics and rely on the supreme authority of ancient religious texts. In contrast, the Chinese typically considered language a social mechanism for shaping our behavior (so the relation of language and society is the most crucial); they also expressed clearly divergent views on naming. In short, at least four distinctive perspectives are essential: (1) conservative Confucianism, (2) anti-traditional and highly authoritarian Legalism, (3) egalitarian and linguistically skeptical Laozian Daoism, (4) nonconformist and proto-libertarian Zhuangzian Daoism.

Taoism left-libertarianism comparative perspective linguistic relativity philosophy of language India political culture China

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China in the Geopolitical Imaginations of the Polish Pop Music after 1989

  • Author: Jarosław Macała
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Zielonogórski (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0788-0747
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 37-47
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020403
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020403.pdf

This paper focuses on the issue of geopolitics in the pop culture interpretation as illustrated by the Polish pop music after the year 1989. Songs selected from various trends of the Polish popular music made the source material of the text. The primary study method involved the analysis of the lyrics discourse. The Polish geopolitical imaginations used to revolve around the basis axis of better West and worse East, symbolized mainly by Russia, but its image was transferred over entire Asia. Asia, including China, was scarcely present in the geopolitical imaginations contained in the pop music, which, at the same time, reflected the irrelevant interest of Polish elites in global problems. The discourses in the musical texts about China frequently adopted the West’s perspective, where Poland made part of as seen by our elites. The rhetoric strategy concerning China in popular music featured two essential views, which references Orientalism as specified by E. Said. It explains the frequent use of the postcolonial discourse by the Polish elites, also the music ones, which promoted the supremacy of the West over the rest of the world and the universal nature of the Western world values which were meant to be implemented into other civilizations and nations for their own sake. China was presented as a growing threat for the dominance of the West, the USA in the first place, as an alternative model of globalization and international deal putting offthe world by its cultural and geopolitical alienation, as well as indicating negative effects for Poland.

China Poland popular music popular geopolitics critical geopolitics geopolitical imaginations

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Between Nation-Building and Contestation for Power: The Place of Party Politics in Nigeria, 1923-2019

  • Author: Adetunji Ojo Ogunyemi
  • Institution: Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (Nigeria)
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 51-71
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020404
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020404.pdf

By May 29, 2019, Nigeria’s Fourth Republic and democracy had achieved an unprecedented 20 unbroken years of active partisan politics and representative democracy. The First Republic had lasted barely three years (1963-1966); the Second Republic and its democratic institutions lasted just four years (1979-1983) while the Third Republic (19921993) could barely hold its head for one year. Hence, by mid-2019, not many analysts have congratulated Nigeria for its longest democratic experience since its independence from Britain in 1960, but hardly did any of them identify the core reasons for such a sustained rule of democratic ethos for two decades. In this paper, we show the origin and practice of political parties in Nigeria. We argue that the country had succeeded in its Fourth Republic as a democratic country because its law and constitution together with the political culture of the people had permitted multiparty democracy by which governments had been formed, political inclusion and popular participation ensured, and public policies initiated. We also present an analysis of party politicking in the country from its beginning in 1923 and conclude that Nigeria has achieved meaningful and sustainable dividends of democracy in her Fourth Republic because of a maturing culture of partisan politics.

Nigeria party politics power nation-building nation

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Campaigns and Electioneering: Reflecting on the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria

  • Author: Emmanuel Osewe Akubor
  • Institution: Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (Nigeria)
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 72-86
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020405
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020405.pdf

Historically, campaigns are recognized as a vital part of electioneering since it contains the ideas that the candidate wants to share with the voters, especially regarding policy issues and the administration’s focus. It aims to get those who agree with their ideas to support them when running for a political position. The message often consists of several talking points about policy issues. However, a study of Nigeria’s situation, with specific reference to the 2015 Campaigns and Electioneering, revealed that the main content of campaigns was hate speeches. Therefore, this paper seeks to bring out the main issues of campaigns in Nigeria’s electoral system and why it has often led to electoral violence over the years. The qualitative method is used for this particular research. Data obtained from primary and secondary sources were deployed to carry out the study with an analytical and narrative historical approach. It includes historical, descriptive, and analytical approaches based on gathered evidence. This research’s primary source is based on field investigations conducted in the Nigerian area and surrounding territories. Among other things, the data collection process includes semi-structured interviews with selected individuals. The research also uses historical documents from the national archives, relying on previous research conducted on society, administrative development, and documentary data taken from newspaper accounts, diaries, letters, and verbal reports. This research’s position is that campaigns over the years in Nigeria, unlike what is obtainable in some parts of the world where policy issues form the backbone of campaign message have basically on persons, character assassination, violence, and abusive (hate) speeches. The paper argues that this campaign strategy often leads to electoral violence before, during, and after elections. The paper, therefore, concludes that only issue-based campaigns can guarantee peaceful and credible elections in Nigeria.

democracy elections Nigeria electioneering campaign

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Worsening Women Trafficking, Multidimensional Poverty and Gender Inequality: The Vulnerabilities, Playouts and Governmental Responses in West Africa

  • Author: Tunde Abioro
  • Institution: Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife (Nigeria)
  • Author: Omolara Akinyemi
  • Institution: Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife (Nigeria)
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 87-104
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020406
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020406.pdf

Modern governments in modern states in third world countries are overwhelmed with social circumstances that have forced citizens to resort to self-help. Also, prevalent unclear demographic and globalization issues are sometimes neutral lines of justification for either transit or destination posture of the West African states. Concisely, poverty issues have continuously permeated the West Africa region’s fabric, and the challenges seem protracting. It has implications for mobility, (women) trafficking, and human security, among others. The quantitative approach adopted profiled index while evaluating and descriptive methods explained the content. Among other findings, lack of national data and proper immigration service is obvious. Thus, adequate data for national planning is recommended. Further, ongoing regional and national initiatives for possible integration and collaboration to address challenges are advocated.

human security gender inequality trafficking mobility poverty

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Indian and Australian Maritime Security Doctrines in the Indian Ocean Region in the 21st Century. Christian Bueger’s Matrix of Maritime Security Approach

  • Author: Tomasz Łukaszuk
  • Institution: University of Warsaw (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5613-7503
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 105-127
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020407
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020407.pdf

The article’s purpose is the multidimensional analysis of the evolution of Australia and India’s maritime policies and their impact on the endeavors to develop their maritime cooperation in the 21st century. Two research questions are to be answered in that connection: what changes and why India and Australia introduced to enhance their maritime security doctrines in the 21st century and why those changes contributed to the more in-depth cooperation in the second decade of the 21st century. The hypothesis based on those questions argues that not only the rise of China but also global processes in maritime affairs - such as the growing number of state and non-state actors, as well as the interdependence between the fields of human activities at sea - pushed the littorals like India and Australia to turn their maritime strength from coastal to oceanic and convinced them too to cooperate. That process was accompanied by the convergence of the security perceptions by both countries (India and Australia) and the mutual understanding of common interests in all the elements of modern maritime security. The Christian Bueger’s matrix serves as an explanatory framework to highlight the dynamics and broader context of the changes in India and Australia’s maritime security doctrines in the 21st century. It provides the conceptual framework for explaining closer cooperation between these two countries. The article analyzes India and Australia’s maritime strategies, focusing on four variables from Bueger’s matrix: national security, economic development, marine environment, and human security. In those dependent variables, particular elements of their activities serving as sub-variables are highlighted: in national security - shaping the seapower; in economic development - Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing; in the marine environment - climate change mitigation; in human security - the fight against piracy and human trafficking. The choice of the mentioned elements is justified by their role in Australia and India’s activities within maritime strategies and their influence on other elements of the maritime security matrix. The article starts with a description of Bueger’s matrix in the context of the evolution of the maritime security concept in international relations. The second part outlines the centrality of the Indian Ocean in Indian and Australian modern military and economic security. The third part explores and explains the roots of Indian maritime security thinking, and the fourth investigates the evolution in Australia’s attitude toward maritime affairs. The final part presents the developments in Indo-Australian bilateral cooperation in the 21st century.

Indian Ocean maritime security sea power blue economy marine environment human resilience

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Institutional Responsibility for Mass Atrocity Crimes with Thomas Pogge

  • Author: Jed Lea-Henry
  • Institution: Vignan University (India)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-0257
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 131-152
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020408
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020408.pdf

Humanitarian intervention and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) are currently limited and encumbered by a pervasive absence of a political will. In states’ calculations, political considerations are constantly winning-out over the moral considerations of saving at-risk segments of our planet. While institutional and legal reforms undoubtedly play a role in addressing this challenge, such reforms and structures have existed for generations now, and have largely failed to bridge this gap from ‘moral necessity to political action’. What has been lacking is a moral understanding of humanitarian crises that is capable of reliably motivating the international community to undertake remedying actions, rather than merely expressions of concern. Such a moral foundation is achievable through institutional cosmopolitanism, an understanding of humanitarian intervention as satisfactions of our negative duties, and specifically the work of Thomas Pogge.

humanitarian intervention Thomas Pogge atrocity crimes institutional responsibility

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The Battle of Brexit. Analysis of the 2019 United Kingdom General Election Results

  • Author: Bartłomiej H. Toszek
  • Institution: University of Szczecin (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2989-7168
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 153-165
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020409
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020409.pdf

The article presents the main parties (i.e. the Conservative Party, Labor Party, Liberal Democrats and Scottish National Party) results of the 2019 UK general election as well as an analysis of the most important issues (i.e. correct identification of voters’ expectations, simplicity and clarity of the messages, leaders’ personalities) which determined each party success or loss. The author proves that since Brexit was the primary focus of voters, the level of support for particular parties remained dependent on the solutions presented in this issue. This basis explains why the Conservatives in the whole UK and the SNP in Scotland won (and the Labor Party and the Liberal Democrats lost) the battle of Brexit.

the European Union Scotland Brexit the United Kingdom the 2019 United Kingdom general election

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The Issue of Ideological Changes in the Context of the Polish Political Parties - Theoretical Models and Their Exemplifications

  • Author: Michał Niebylski
  • Institution: University of Opole, (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-5886
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 166-182
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020410
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020410.pdf

The article aims to present and discuss five theoretical models explaining the issue of ideological changes in Polish political parties. The paper is to shed light on an ideology’s dynamic nature and the process of building ideology in the political parties’ environment. The article features a discussion on the circumstances favoring the implementation of ideological changes and the methods used by parties to implement changes in their ideologies. The paper adopts two research hypotheses: 1) party ideologies are developed and modified by political parties in response to the changing (social, political, economic) circumstances in the inter-party rivalry. 2) The process of ideological changes serves political parties to lead an effective inter-party rivalry. The paper establishes that the factors with scientifically documented impact on party behavior in ideological terms are as follows: electoral result (parties that achieved a result below their expectations are more eager to revise their ideologies), political competition’s activity (parties react to ideological changes of their direct rivals), electorate preferences (political forces can change their approach in crucial issues to reflect the dominant views in their electorates) and acceptance of free-market principles by the main political actors. An analysis of Polish parties’ behaviors and the gathered source material also demonstrates that the parties’ inclination to implement ideological changes depends on organizational factors.

ideologies ideological change political parties

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Autarchy of Political Science and the Methodological Functions of Object Knowledge. Epistemological Analysis

  • Author: Michał R. Węsierski
  • Institution: Warsaw University of Life Sciences (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3081-2160
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 183-203
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020411
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020411.pdf

Applying external scientific knowledge - i.e. knowledge achieved in the field of disciplines and sub-disciplines related to political science - in fulfiling such methodological functions as explanation and prevision (forecasting) is frequently approached in meta-scientific and meta-theoretical considerations as conducted on the ground of the family of scientific disciplines constituted by the sciences of politics. These functions can be ascribed to the purely epistemological aspect of scientific activity, not its institutional and organizational aspects. The dispute regarding the explanatory autonomy of political science is fallacious. From the logical and methodological point of view, the institutional “affiliation” of object knowledge, which constitutes a premise in complex inferences, does not play a role in the fulfilment of the assumed cognitive tasks; what is important instead is its epistemological credibility, as well as the goals of the research strategy selected by a given scholar.

logical methodology explanation object knowledge research procedures methodological functions political science

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Restrictions of Freedom of Press as an Indicator of Neo-Militant Democracy in Lithuania

  • Author: Kamila Rezmer-Płotka
  • Institution: Nicolaus Copernicus University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1458-5076
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 204-210
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020412
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020412.pdf

For the first time, Karl Loewenstein had used the category of militant democracy concerning the Weimar Republic. Although the world’s situation has changed, the process of political systems taking over non-democratic regimes’ characteristics is still visible. Among the indicators that can testify to becoming militant democracy, the restriction of freedom of the press is distinguished. This article attempts to analyze the dynamics of this process in Lithuania based on the Freedom House reports. The research question formulated is: What restrictions on the press’s freedom in Lithuania occurred in the period? The hypothesis is: In 2008-2019 in Lithuania, there has been a regular restriction on the freedom of the press, which may indicate a progressive process of militant democracy. Results: The hypothesis has been partially verified positively. During the period considered, there were regular restrictions on the freedom of the press but were justified mainly by circumstances, or immediate counter-action was taken.

militant democracy Lithuania Freedom House freedom of the press

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The Nation-State and Its Enemies: Toward Reflection on the Future of Europe

  • Author: Joanna Rak
  • Institution: Adam Mickiewicz University (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-3684
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 213-215
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020413
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020413.pdf

Book review: Magdalena Ziętek-Wielomska, Adam Wielomski, Państwo narodowe i jego wrogowie, Fundacja Instytut Badawczy Pro vita bona, Warszawa 2020, pp. 340.

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States, International Organisations and Strategic Partnerships

  • Author: Rafał Wiśniewski
  • Institution: Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań (Poland)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0155-246X
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 216-218
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020414
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020414.pdf

Book review: Lucyna Czechowska, Andriy Tyushka, Agata Domachowska, Karolina Gawron-Tabor, Joanna Piechowiak-Lamparska (Eds.), Państwa, Organizacje Międzynarodowe i Partnerstwa Strategiczne, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń 2019, pp. 693.

Australia in the Time of Crisis: Multidisciplinary Determinants

  • Author: Joanna Siekiera
  • Institution: University of Bergen (Norway)
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-9121
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 223-226
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020416
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy2020416.pdf

The paper reports the conference on Australia, organized by the Polish research association based in Cracow (Australia, New Zealand and Oceania Research Association, ANZORA). The 2020 edition was already the 12th conference entitled Australia in the Time of Crisis: Climactic, Cultural, Economic, and Political Solutions. This year, the co-organizing unit was the University of Łódź, as every year, ANZORA promotes Pacific Studies at different Polish universities. The hosting faculty was the Faculty of International and Political Studies, with its Chair of British Studies and the Commonwealth Countries, as well as the “Australian Studies” Scientific Association. The panelists came from numerous disciplines and eight academic institutions from Poland and three from abroad. In total, there were 21 presenters: young scholars, experienced academics, independent researchers as well as enthusiasts of the Australian continent. Besides the University of Bergen in Norway, foreign speakers represented the Université de Bourgogne in France and the Australian Embassy in Poland. Three diplomatic missions have taken the honorary patronage over the event. Those were the Australian Embassy, the Embassy of New Zealand, and the Polish Embassy in Australia. The supporting institutions were the University of Bergen, the Polish Geopolitical Society, and the Academy of European Careers Foundation.

Australia Oceania Pacific ANZORA crisis South Pacific

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List of Reviewers 2020

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 229
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: ppsy/49-4/ppsy20204rw.pdf

Big Data - A Complex Analysis of Daily Attitudes as a Modern Inevitable Global Danger

  • Author: Natalia Lewandowska
  • Institution: Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2396-3048
  • Year of publication: 2020
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 134-148
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2020308
  • PDF: ppsy/49-3/ppsy2020308.pdf

In the Fourth Industrial Revolution we already have robots, also there are such technologies as genetic sequencing and editing, artificial intelligence, miniaturized sensors, 3D printing and much more. Digital technologies are constantly being developed with new methods and have been implemented worldwide into various processes and automation systems. The article describes modern digitalization components and analyzes its possible threats. Along with an increase in life comfort, modern civilizations must face with cybercrimes based on data collection, including cyber thefts and hacker attacks. Globalization enables exchanging goods and services between countries of the world. It also gives a tool phishing and illegally access vulnerable information of global enterprises to compete unfairly. Although Big Data can be helpful among organizations, it can also be a mark of the inevitable danger worldwide.

phishing digitalization cybercrimes Industry 4.0 the Fourth Industrial Revolution Big Data globalization

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