This paper explores the socio-cultural interpretation of marriage from the perspectives of Girl child brides and also examines the health consequences of girl child marriage in Katsina Local Government Area (LGA) of Katsina State, North-West Nigeria. Primary data were obtained via in-depth interviews from ten (10) child brides of differing marital status identified through snowball, and purposively recruited for the study. Data were translated, transcribed, arranged thematically and subjected to content analysis. Result revealed that the participants’ socio- -cultural understanding of marriage vary according to personal conviction made to the brides to encourage them accept marriage arrangements. Therefore, marriage was perceived by some child brides as an institution that trains the individual to become an adult through procreation, while some see marriage as an institution which conveys societal respect, and others perceive marriage as an institution where basic needs can be adequately met. Result further revealed that girl child marriage impact both the reproductive and mental health of the girl child. Reproductive health consequences of girl child marriage include pregnancy/childbirth complications, infant mortality, Vesicovagina Fistula (VVF), Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) among others. Mental health consequence of girl child marriage comprises of physical assault (beating), psychological/emotional abuse from intimate partner. Study concluded that girl child marriage is influenced by its socio- -cultural interpretation and it negatively impacts the health needs of the girl child. Study recommends a proper orientation of the Girl child on the meaning and responsibility of the marriage institution, and implications on reproductive and mental health for building a healthy society.

The author’s concept of the essence of international judicial precedent is offered, claiming that international courts perform a law-making function. The author is convinced that 1) “jurisprudence constante” (established jurisprudence) is synonymous with judicial precedent; 2) precedent decisions are created by international courts as a consequence of the settlement of similar disputes, the issues of which are either vaguely regulated or not regulated at all by the norms of international law; 3) judicial precedent, as part of an international court decision, should be considered a formal source of international law; 4) judicial precedents should be included in the list of formal sources of international law, which are subsidiary sources. Given the numerous views on the nature, content, legal force of precedent decisions of international courts, it is proposed the definition of judicial precedent, which takes into account the characteristics of modern international relations. An international judicial precedent is a decision that contains legal positions that either clarify the content of the current rule or formulate a new rule. Such decisions shall be considered by the court which made them or by another court (or arbitral tribunal) in considering such a similar case; they are imperatively binding on the dispute parties, as well as politically binding on third actors of international law. The establishment by the court of a rule in the form of a legal position should be considered as a natural process in international law-making. A legal position can exist as a formula, which is initially a mandatory requirement of the motivating part of a court decision, but if such a legal position is repeated in subsequent decisions, it becomes an international custom, in particular, it becomes legally binding for an indefinite number of similar relations, or such a legal position is included in text of an international treaty. As the law-making function of international courts raises questions, there are offered the author’s definitions of “international judicial law-making”, “soft law”, “international judicial precedent”, “precedent of interpretation”, “vertical international judicial precedent”, “horizontal international judicial precedent”.

Folk songs encapsulate contemporary society’s cultural life. Folk songs have been used by many historians to better comprehend the culture and traditional consciousness of people who left just a few written records of their lives. As a result, folk songs can reveal a lot about their history, culture, values, and societal advancement. Folklore is a body of expressive culture that encompasses folktales, folk music, superstitions, beliefs, and other cultural expressions exclusive to a community. A folk song, on the other hand, is a song that belongs to a community’s or region’s folk music, and can have a variety of regional features. Folklore has been classified in a variety of ways, with Dorson (1972) dividing it into four categories: i) oral tradition, (ii) material culture, (iii) social folk customs, and (iv) traditional folk arts. This paper tries to explore the changing sensibilities in popular culture, particularly in the field of folk music, and the forms in which it is expressed and used as a tool to resist the status quo. This manuscript focuses on the folk traditions of traditional Irish music and Ulster Orange music in Northern Ireland and the co-existing folk music of the Koch Rajbonshis in the Assam region of North-Eastern India, trying to highlight the attached identity of the groups/community in both regions.

The article analyzes the ethno-demographic policy of the CPSU – CPU of the 60’s – 70’s of the twentieth century, which was guided by the priority of national unity of the entire Soviet people and neglected the value of the Ukrainian ethnic group and its national development. The state command-administrative system under the slogans of “proletarian internationalism”, “prosperity and rapprochement of nations in the USSR”, “formation of a new historical community – the Soviet people” pursued a policy of assimilation of the titular nation of the Ukrainian SSR. Demographic, economic and social processes that took place in the society of that time, especially decreased in some regions of the republic the number of indigenous peoples. The correlation of macro-processes (intra-republican and inter-republican migration) with internal micro-processes in Ukraine (enhanced russification, interethnic marriages, etc.) promoted assimilation, depopulation of Ukrainians and threatened their national future. The paper finds that in the conflict of unfavorable circumstances resulting from the Soviet assimilation policy, the number of the Ukrainian nation in the USSR slowed down, difficult, but did not grow in both quantitative and qualitative terms.

“American exceptionalism and historical themes in Joe Biden’s selected 2022 speeches on war in Ukraine” is a study of three 2022 speeches given by the United States of America in context of Russian aggression on Ukraine. An author’s goal is to establish does Joe Biden’s speeches contain any remarks on nationalistic idea of American expectionalism in context of war in Ukraine and what is the correlation between contents of addresses and its audiences. The paper was written to prove that motives and themes such as American expectionalism, Manifest destiny and Pax Americana are present in remarks even if their topic is European Affairs. In terms of relation contents-audience, research was conducted to determine what relations there are and what influence them.

The article is devoted to causation as one of the main conditions for compensation for moral damage. The specifics of causal link in labor relations are considered and it is established that the theory of direct and indirect causation is the most acceptable from both theoretical and practical perspective for solving the question of its presence or absence. It is proved that an illegal act on the part of the employer should result in moral damage to the latter; if there is no such connection, then, accordingly, the damage to the employee was caused for other reasons, which means that there is no obligation in this legal relationship. Particular attention is paid to primary (direct) and indirect (secondary) moral damage, as moral damage may lie in pain-related experiences or in connection with a disease caused by mental suffering. The process of proving the fact of moral damage and the existence of a causal link, which is quite specific in the employment relationship, is considered. The employee can prove the existence of moral damage by the following means: 1) written, physical and electronic evidence; 2) expert opinion; 3) testimony. Some legal practitioners argue that most labor courts today actually apply the presumption of moral damage, but we do not agree with this conclusion, although we insist on enshrining it in Ukrainian legislation. In our opinion, any lawlessness on the part of the employer affects both the employee’s mental health, i.e. his (her) self-esteem, self-reliance, attitude to the events taking place in his (her) life, etc., and physical health, i.e. the normal functioning of the body. It is proved that it is expedient to involve an expert in every case related to compensation for moral damage in labor relations, whose conclusion is important both in the process of proving the fact of moral damage and determining its amount. Only a specialist is able to properly assess the characteristics of the victim’s behavior in problematic situations and the features of his (her) emotional state under certain circumstances.

Obviously harassment problems are circulated throughout the world. According to Sustainable development goals, ending all discrimination against women and girls is not only a basic human right, it’s crucial for sustainable future. Organizations should talk about past experiences of harassment. The best way to deal with sexual crime is reduce fear of talking about it. Management should demonstrate the importance of this issue, and the victim should not fear being fired or demoted. This issue concerns violence by men against women, women against men, as well as violence against women by women, and men against men. Violence is often driven by a desire for power. This is not only about sexual abuse, but also psychological abuse. All this undoubtedly affects the quality of a person’s work and life. Also government should focus their attention on implement international standards in this sphere. In particular some aspect of these standards had already been adopted in legislation by the government of Ukraine. For sure this is a crucial instrument to prevent sexual crime. However, as reality shows, this does deter neither people nor corporations from infringements. The issue of harassment was especially acute in connection with the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine (from 24 February, 2022). The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, in force since July 2002, includes rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or “any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity” as a crime against humanity when it is committed in a widespread or systematic way. Women have become particularly vulnerable as men are taken to the front and left alone with the children. They are often subjected to violence by the occupiers. They are vulnerable during traveling abroad as well. Criminals take advantage of this situation and use women for trafficking and sexual exploitation.

The subject of the article is to analyze how Poland reacts to the US-Chinese competition for primacy over 5G technology. The importance of 5G systems has acquired a geopolitical dimension. Poland also feels its technological security dilemma. The acceptance by the Polish authorities of Washington’s position on 5G was undoubtedly an element of the negotiations on increasing the size of the American contingent in Poland. There are indications that decisions on how to treat Huawei in our country will be made on the basis of strong allied ties. At one time Poland seemed to be balancing between US pressure and China, but now it has sided decisively on the American side. The question still remains open: will the Polish state be able to fully open itself to the transatlantic allied relationship to benefit from this cooperation?

The subject of Ukraine’s national security has been continuously receiving a new discourse considering the uncovered aggression of the Russian Federation ongoing since 2014, followed by the annexation of Crimea and the occupation of Eastern regions of the country. As a result of agression, the governmental agencies of Ukraine adopted several strategic documents that directly relate to such a component of national security as information. The Information Security Strategy, adopted by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine in December 2021, defines priorities in information security, particularly identifying current challenges and threats to Ukraine’s national security in the information sphere. The Strategy also sets strategic goals and objectives aimed at counteracting such threats. An unprovoked full-scale invasion of Russia to Ukraine on 24 February 2022 proves that the information space becomes a combat field in the reality of war. The Russian federative propaganda machine is fueling the conflict as well as the high levels of support of brutal actions of the state’s president Putin (according to various sources from 51% to 71% of Russians support war in Ukraine). This, as well as the generally increasing role of the information factor in modern spaces of society, incurs the relevance of the research topic. The article aims to systematically determine the features of the conceptual and applied aspects of the information security of Ukraine. The realisation of the purpose identified assumes achievement of the following objectives:
1. Identify the key characteristics of the information space of Ukraine.
2. Determine the characteristics of risks, challenges and threats in the information space.
3. Define the source of the information aggression against Ukraine.
4. Develop recommendations for enhancing the procedure of reacting towards such aggressions.
In the process of solving research problems, such general scientific methods as analysis and synthesis have been applied to identify the factors that have had the most significant impact on the information space of Ukraine. challenges, information threat, information risks.

During the late twentieth century, the question of gender equality became an important issue on the global agenda. Despite the fact that there has been a drastic substantial progress in favor of gender equality, there are still a lot of issues connected with the subject of gender in the world. The feminist foreign policy is not an established political concept. Sweden was the first country to pursue a feminist foreign policy in 2014. This approach was part of the world’s first ‘feminist government’. The goal is to achieve equality in all spheres of society, as well as to guarantee equal conditions for women and men in society and in their personal lives. I consider this topic of research to be a great opportunity to explore how the feminist foreign policy works and how it influences the international relations.