Contents
- Year of publication: 2023
- Source: Show
- Pages: 3-4
- DOI Address: -
- PDF: rop/23/rop23toc.pdf
The fall of Communism in the Central and Eastern European countries in the year 1989, was a historical change had occurred after the demise of communism. The decline of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 was one of the most important proceedings of the period: the conclusive end of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain. After the disintegration of the former USSR, the Eastern bloc had started the modernisation of institutions and adopted the norms of democracy. The third wave of democratisation of Samuel P. Huntington’s theory would apply the democratic changes in Central and Eastern Europe and Romania as well. It traces the discussions and opinions of institutional and political development in Romania with special attention to the events around 1989 Post-communism and Eastern enlargement of the European Union. The paper assesses the role of the European Union to promote democratization through Eastern neighbour policy. The paper broadly discusses the institutional and political development in Romania and the role of Copenhagen criteria and the country’s accession to the EU in early 2007. The result of this article is that Romania has successfully integrated into the European Union but that democratization is declining in the country.
Romania institutions Eastern Europe democratisation communism the European Union
The article shows the complete subordination of historical science in the Ukrainian SSR to the ideology of the Soviet state. The concept of the historical development of the Ukrainian people during the 60s and 70s of the 20th century was determined not by scientists, but by party-communist ideologues. The concept of the rapprochement of nations, the creation of a «new historical community of Soviet people» and the condemnation of the ideology of «bourgeois nationalism» came to the fore. When researching the history of the Ukrainian SSR, scientists were tasked with not focusing on national differences and promoting the «exceptional» role of the Russian people in the life of Ukrainians in every possible way.
objectivity Ukrainian scientists national past of Ukraine intellectual resistance Soviet totalitarian regime communist ideology scientific research historical science falsification
Pathological online communication behaviours and their detrimental effects have remained a significant component of Internet research ever since it became a field of study in media science. It is safe to say that, in addition to the valuable content posted on social media, one can also find content that can be threatening given the media reality of today’s online audience. In the author’s opinion, pathostreaming and pathological content should certainly be considered as such. Pathostreaming is a new phenomenon in the media space, which involves posting of online recordings or images containing obscene, vulgar and sexual content, as well as, spreading hate speech on various digital platforms. Its peculiarity has contributed to the emergence of new media entities – the pathostreamer, the pathoinfluencer and the pathouser. The author of this article attempts to analyse the activities of obscene content creators and their viewers using content analysis and interviews. The paper’s goals are to demonstrate the phenomenon of pathostreaming as the risk of social pathologies being transmitted into the online space and to outline media policy towards this media problem.
pathouser pathoinfluencer pathostreamer pathostreaming media pathologies
This article examines Chinese-Philippine cooperation within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This is an intriguing issue because, in 2016, many people predicted that China would exclude the Philippines from the BRI framework due to their dispute over the Scarborough Shoal. Former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III had criticized China’s South China Sea maritime expansion, but Duterte changed the country’s foreign policy in 2016. He followed China’s advice and moved forward, resolving differences between the two countries and developing a healthy bilateral relationship. This article found that the BRI framework is critical in this shift in diplomatic relations. China and the Philippines’ interdependence, as well as the shift in identity from an enemy to a partner, have both contributed to the improvement of China-Philippines relations.
interdependency The Philippines Belt and Road Initiative China identity
The purpose of this study was to investigate the European Union (EU) Migration and Asylum Policy, a perspective of African migrants in Europe. Attempts were made to identify the perception of Africans in the EU on its migration and Asylum policy and assess whether the policy encourages migration and Asylum in the EU. To achieve this, descriptive survey was employed and questionnaires were administered to 100 respondents in Europe from different African countries. The data collected using the online questionnaires were analyzed using percentage, mean and standard deviations. From the results, it was concluded that immigration into the EU is undertaken by male citizens of most African countries especially at their youthful ages driven by the need to pursue education and job opportunities. Their stay in the EU breeds the desire (positive perception and desire) to obtain either work status or EU nationality. Many of them desire to be integrated into the host countries rather than repatriated to their countries. Finally, most of them greatly esteem the EU migration and asylum policy and prefer to stay within the EU than be resettled or repatriated, according to the new EU Pact policy.
This paper is devoted to the accompanying formation of the new order of the international Chinese-American struggle in the nosphere or otherwise the sphere of human reason. An analysis of the experiences of conflicts between the two-polar order that took place at the end of the 20th century and the present, in which the new world order emerges, leads to the conclusion that one of the most important goals of contemporary wars is to win the battle in the mind of man. This is perfectly understood by Chinese people who have centuries-old experience in fighting for the minds of opponents. In addition to the general outline of the old and present Chinese concepts of conducting the information and psychological war, the diagram of the Chinese information apparatus and methods of its operation are also presented. The focus was also on the image of China and its opponent’s head – the USA – created by this apparatus and addressed to the international audience In writing the Article, methods of system analysis and critical analysis of public discourse were used.
nanosphere dez-information mechanisms of social impact creating public opinion information operations information
This paper investigated the landscape, attractiveness, and contours of teleworking in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted purely qualitative techniques. The sample size was 40 participants purposively selected in 25 work organizations in both private and public sectors. Study instruments were Key Informant Interviews conducted with 20 Human Resource Practitioners and In-Depth Interviews conducted with 20 senior staff members of the selected organizations. Most organizations in Lagos were forced to adopt teleworking during or after the 2020 lockdown and its landscape in Lagos state has become wider and smoother. Study also revealed that teleworking is attractive to employees in terms of avoiding road/traffic challenges, enhances work-family balance and a viable option for individuals living with disabilities, pregnant and nursing mothers. To employers, it enhances business continuity, saves cost, and reduces concerns about disease and illnesses. The study identifies poor technological and infrastructural base, absence of labour policy framework, organizational policy, capacity building, data security issues as contours hindering effective teleworking in Lagos State. The practice of teleworking has been firmly established in Lagos State, Nigeria. Governments and Employers of labour stand to gain immensely from the adoption of teleworking if relevant social and organizational policies are made available, as well as making the operating economic and technological environments more conducive.
The author showed a fragment of the Iliad referred to as the Catalogue of Ships, also called Beotia (Bojotia). The name of this part comes from the Beots, whose troops, arriving at Troy, were listed in the Catalogue as the first. The list contains in-formations about the Greek armed forces, rulers and chiefs of the Greek peoples who took part in the naval expedition and the war against the Trojans. It also determines the number of ships brought by the Greeks to Troy. Eager to go to war, they put themselves in Beocia near the city of Aulis where, on the Strait of Eurypus, a large port was located. It can also be assumed that the Catalogue of Greek troops begins with the army of Beocia because the ports of this land were chosen as the place of concentration of troops for the expedition against Troy. A collection of works called the Trojan Cycle was also characterized, which includes 29 books and from which only small fragments (epitomai) and summaries in the so-called Chrestomatia have survived. Despite such poor literature, they are an important source in reproducing the content of the Trojan cycle. The passage showing the Achaean army at Troy, which is a list of Greek nobility, is often omitted in the editions of the Iliad. However, for those studying the art of war, it is an extremely important record of Europe’s past.
This paper aims to explore the correlation between rhetoric, political views, and actions and how the construction of utterances conveys ideological meaning. Specifically, I examine the nature of rhetoric, its structure, and its impact on the overall tone of an utterance. The analysis reveals that rhetorical devices can manipulate and create messages promoting segregation and discrimination. To illustrate this, I focus on D. Trump’s statements, particularly his use of Twitter to communicate. I analyze his selection of vocabulary and figures of speech, demonstrating his use of hate speech and misogynistic and racist thoughts. Drawing on the work of prominent linguists such as T. Van Dijk, R. Harris, and M. Reisigl, I examine the rhetorical devices used by Trump and their influence on the overall message conveyed. I support the analysis with press publications, articles, and books that provide further insight into Trump’s language use. The conclusions summarize my findings and emphasize the link between rhetoric and political actions and views.
rhetoric discourse president Donald Trump Discrimination Populism
Digitalization of public services is a global trend throughout the civilized world. Progressive governments of developed countries are actively implementing initiatives that have been given a very young acronym – GovTech. These are the latest digital technology solutions that make the work of the state more efficient and the lives of citizens easier. Implementation of the GovTech policy is a priority for many international projects and programs: Lisbon Council, Digital Europe, European Blockchain Partnership (EBP), International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications (INATBA), DT4UA. The purpose of the article is to form a general vision of the current trend of GovTech policy implementation, using Ukraine as an example for the period of 2020-2023. In order to achieve the goal and formulate reasonable results, the study was structured in three sections: 1) Digitalization of Ukraine: introduction of modern digital technologies; 2) Ukraine’s participation in international digital projects; 3) Sharing Ukraine’s digitalization experience with other countries. The study has led to a number of conclusions. The ideology of GovTech is a two-vector message to humanity about the future: where instead of analog officials and certificates, “PaperLess” will work, and instead of cash currency “CashLess” – CBDC / cryptocurrency in a smartphone. Digital public services in a smartphone, and even a citizen’s passport, are already GovTech realities confirmed by the Ukrainian digital project “DIJA”. Ukraine’s successful experience in forming a GovTech e-state has begun to spread actively in other European Union countries (code name: “DIJA”). This shows a trend towards the development and formation of a precedent for the international GovTech format, in the form of a certain future standard (we are sure that this will be developed and researched). However, this study has shown that there are legal difficulties on the way to creating a precedent for the formation of the international GovTech format in Ukraine. The introduction of the intergovernmental GovTech format requires separate legal regulation and consideration of the issue of a fair balance of bilateral state agreements when it is introduced, which also lack relevant legal developments.
DIJA Cash-Less PaperLess digital services government technology GovTech e-governance fintech virtual assets cryptocurrency
A constructivist IR approach is blended with a Grounded Theory-based analysis of in-depth in interviews in an interpretive discussion of the US’s 2003 invasion of Iraq, its later soft power approach in country, and the responses of young Kurdish participants in an American program in that sphere. The invasion of Iraq is argued to have been the outcome of ideational and cultural as well as realist factors within American society. Analysis of interviews with Kurdish students reveals a) strengths and weaknesses of the American soft power approach, and b) their thoughts on their homeland, its culture, and its future.
IYLEP (Iraqi Young Leaders Program) Bush Doctrine Constructivist IR grounded theory
The Russian attack on Ukraine on 24 February 2022 triggered the beginning of the biggest humanitarian crisis in modern Europe since the end of World War 2. Within the first six days of the war, more than four million refugees crossed the Ukrainian border, and most of them arrived in Poland. In response to this crisis, non-governmental organizations and volunteers in Poland played a crucial role in providing support to Ukrainian refugees. Their efforts included providing basic necessities such as food and shelter, as well as assisting with legal and administrative matters. This may be dubbed an example of civil society in action, where citizens take initiative to help those in need here and now, without waiting for the state to introduce specific legal acts. This article aims to describe the historical background of civil activities in Poland as well as the response of both volunteers and the government to the refugee crisis in the first period of the war.
Ukrainian refugees humanitarian crisis volunteering civil society aid
This study investigated women, migration, decent work and vulnerabilities in Africa. Essentially, it is on record that for the last few years more female migrants have been migrating independently for work, education and as heads of households. Despite these improvements, female migrants may still face stronger discrimination, are more vulnerable to mistreatment, and can experience double discrimination as both migrants and as women in their host country in comparison to male migrants. Nonetheless, male migrants are also exposed to vulnerabilities in the migration processes. For example, records have it that every day, women across Libya who have been subjected to forced marriages, sexual abuse, and other dire situations, leave their home countries for the prospect of a better life and with longing for Europe’s safety, they are willing to face an equally perilous route ahead, with the constant risk of being returned to Libyan detention centres, where they are abused, starved, and tortured (Palmucci, 2021). It is based on this that this study was carried out using investigative analysis of women victims who are presently returnees to their home country (Nigeria). Through identified women returnees from some of these countries, most especially Libya, 15 women returnees interacted to share their experiences while outside the country for greener pastures. These 15 women returnees were able to link the authors of this study to other 29 women returnees to Nigeria in the last three to two years.
The purpose of this research is to establish whether it is permissible for the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland to be involved in the electoral process when none of the states of emergency provided for by the Polish Constitution cannot be introduced. So, my aim is to answer the question whether the Polish Armed Forces can ensure the security of the electoral process in Poland. To this end, one must examine the Polish legal system, composed of not only provisions of Polish law, but also of binding supranational law and soft law. It is beyond the scope of this study to explore possible measures to be taken based on the provisions of Section 20, “Militarization and Protection of Objects of Special Importance for the Security or Defence of the State” of the Act of 11 March 2022 on Homeland Defence (consolidated text: Journal of Laws of 2022, item 2305), since, as Article 600(1) provides, “in the event that a state of emergency is declared in the entire territory of the Republic of Poland, a state of war, mobilization, and in time of war, the Council of Ministers may extend militarization to the units eligible for militarization and under the obligation to perform tasks vitally important for the security or defence of the state”.
The statutory right of a deputy to submit interpellations is provided for in the Rules of Procedure of the Polish Parliament as well as in the Act on the Exercise of the Mandate of a Depute and Senator. The aim of the paper is to analyse Poland’s migration policy in 2019–2023 in the context of interpellations submitted by MPs. In substance, they covered three areas of migration policy: the creeping refugee crisis in the EU and its consequences for Poland, the conflict on the external border of the European Union, which is the Polish-Belarusian border, and Russian aggression against Ukraine and the resulting mass presence of Ukrainians as war refugees in Poland. The analysis showed that in the period in question, Poland does not have a comprehensive migration strategy. In situations of inflow of large numbers of foreigners, decisions of the Polish government are made ad hoc and confirm the thesis that the PiS government is unable to cope with new migration challenges. The source basis of the analysis are interpellations submitted by MPs from the West Pomeranian Province addressed to the Prime Minister, the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration and the Minister of Education and Science. They are supplemented by laws and extensive literature on the subject.
Russian aggression against Ukraine humanitarian crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border interpellations migration policy
This article deals with the most pressing issues in the modern political-legal and security information agenda. The active hostilities on the territory of Ukraine have placed the world, and in particular the European Union, under the threat of a new artificial nuclear catastrophe, which could be provoked by the provocative actions of the Russian army at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant. Considering the relevance of the issue, the object of study is the political and legal system of Ukraine in the context of nuclear safety, which has undergone significant changes under the influence of European integration. For comprehensive coverage of the issue, the study examines the evolution of nuclear safety both in Ukraine and the European Union. Particular attention is paid to both the development of legislation and the formation of regulatory authorities. An important component of this study is a detailed analysis of the legal framework of both Ukraine and the European Union. Due to this, it was possible to clearly determine the scale of influence of the specific legislative acts. The study confirmed the impact of European integration on the main laws of Ukraine related to nuclear safety and the need to bring Ukrainian nuclear safety regulatory documents into line with the legislation of the European Union. This article deals with the EU supranational regulators such as WENRA and ENSREG have a significant impact on the regulatory and legal framework for nuclear safety. Ukraine made many commitments to improve control and develop its own regulatory body – the State Regulatory Inspectorate, which received significant autonomy under the influence of European initiatives. It should be stated that the influence of European integration as a political process is so profound that it leads to conceptual changes in the legislative and even institutional framework. The conclusions provide a few suggestions for improving the response system to factors such as hostilities, including at the legal level.
nuclear safety eurointegration Euratom WENRA IAEA nuclear power plant
The militarisation of the South China Sea has specific implications for the regional security situation. The construction of artificial islands and platforms by the states of the region leads, on the one hand, to the assertion of their possessions and the enhancement of their security and, on the other hand, contributes to rising tensions in the region. The construction of such facilities by Vietnam goes unchallenged, there is no criticism and even some support – not so with China. Most countries see Vietnam as the country most able to stand up to its large neighbour. Vietnam otherwise operates more slowly and on a smaller scale, so it is commonly seen as defensive as it builds on islands that have belonged to Hanoi for decades and are close to the mainland coast.
Aviation as a new weapon emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. The event that influenced its development was the course of the First World War. It was not the decisive factor in determining the fate of the war, however, its dynamic development in the final stage of the war could indicate its great importance in the future. The development of military aviation was the domain of the military authorities. The popularisation campaign and the development of appropriate flight training programs were entrusted to the civilian authorities. The establishment of appropriate organisations was needed to effectively engage the public in cooperation. Sport aviation and gliding excelled in preparing young people for service in airborne combat units and transport aviation. Their development in Europe in the inter-war period proceeded in two ways. The first was the creation of organisations by administrative orders, which took place in Germany, Russia and Italy. The second was the skilful use of social initiatives linked to aviation interests, appropriately coordinated by the state and supported by subsidies, as was the case in England and France. The purpose of the establishment of these organisations and activities was to popularise and train aviation in the widest circles of society and to prepare it for a possible airborne threat.
Plastic pollution has emerged as a significant environmental and public health concern globally, with detrimental effects on ecosystems, human health, and socio-economic development. One way to a safer global environment is encouraging rural communities to manage solid waste and reduce plastic pollution. This study aims to explore the environmental governance and political economy of plastic pollution management in rural communities of Ogun State, Nigeria. By examining the interactions between governance structures, political actors, and socio-economic factors, the study seeks to provide insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with plastic waste management in rural areas. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods, to obtain comprehensive and detailed findings. The results of the study indicate divergent interests among stakeholders regarding the management of plastic pollution and environmental concerns in rural communities of the Ijebu region in Ogun State, Nigeria. The research emphasizes the importance of supporting community-led environmental initiatives that adhere to established environmental guidelines for effective solid waste management, with particular emphasis on plastic waste, in rural areas of Nigeria.
Improper collection and disposal of municipal wastes has led to different levels of environmental challenges such as blockade of sewers, drain networks and the choking of water bodies. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised of 364,666. The researcher used simple random sampling random technique to select 200 respondents in the targeted communities. The questionnaire used to collect information from the respondents was tagged Community Perception on Waste Management Practice Instrument (CPWMPI). The instrument was validated by the experts in the Department of Adult and Primary Education, University of Ilorin to ensure face, content and construct validity. To ascertain the reliability of the instrument, the questionnaire was administered to fifty respondents twice. The data collected were analyzed with the Person Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) tool, a co-efficient value of 0.89 was obtained. Inferential statistics was used to analyzed the research question while the hypotheses were analyzed with t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the perception of residents on waste management practices based on gender (t {198} = 2.643, p<0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in the perception of residents on waste management practices based on marital status (t{198} = 0.837, p>0.05), there was no significant difference in the perception of residents on waste management practices based on education (F {2, 197} = 1.592, p>0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in the perception of residents on waste management practices based on religions (t{198} = 1.427, p>0.05)It was recommended in the study that there should be public enlightenment among the residents and urban dwellers on proper solid waste practices, management and disposal.
solid waste generation and waste management public enlightenment Community perception
This paper aim to explore that Russian propaganda has a long historical tradition and a rich instrumentarium. The development of the internet and social media has increased the possibilities for distributing propaganda messages. The principal objective of Russian propaganda is to influence the public opinion in cooperation with persons acting as translators, and to distribute contents – in various national languages – in conformity with the Russian policy and ideology. A tangible objective is to change the opinion about the Russian Federation and its policy so that one negative opinion is matched with at least three positive ones.
operations of influence disinformation propaganda Russian Federation information warfare
The article aims to define the role of institutions in shaping competitiveness in certain European states. The research problem to be addressed through this study is to what extent does the level of competitiveness in world economy depends on Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) in particular countries. The study was conducted using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods of data analysis. A cross-country comparative analysis, based on data from 32 European states in 2021, revealed that the level of competitiveness is determined by institutional environment. The higher the WGI percentile ranks, the better place in the World Competitiveness Ranking. The results of the study enabled to fully confirm the 1st hypothesis, i.e. the institutional governance quality and control of corruption have a noticeably positive impact on competitiveness. It was revealed that the 2nd hypothesis could not be confirmed because of statistical insignificance, i.e. countries with political stability, absence of violence/terrorism and quality of law are typically more competitive among world economies. Meanwhile, the 3rd one was partially confirmed, i.e. the quality of regulations leads to higher competitiveness of economies, while freedom of expression, free media and ability to participate in national elections have not a significant impact on competitiveness.
cross-country analysis competitiveness institutions Europe governance
Complex interdependence has emerged as multiple channels that establish relations and agendas between states that involve public, private and NGO stakeholders to resolve issues and take a state towards a development path. This article argues how development policy establishes complex interdependence and also increases bilateral relationships. The development theory and economic interdependence evaluate the economic and social conditioning of developing countries in the shadow of complex interdependence; the role of international development assistance needs to understand the interest of developed countries in international relations. The theoretical analysis also compiles the term well-being including human development, health, quality of life, political freedom, social rights, and wealth. These terms are the centre point of well-being, which consists of happiness and health as subjective matters. As the importance of development is stressed by Holtz and Sen, both emphasise the well-being of the population, which must need to address the component of development for the eradication of poverty.
development economics aid politics complex interdependence development policy international relations
Women and children are disproportionately those seeking immigration relief in the United States, and women lawyers are disproportionately those helping them. But it can’t be just women lawyers doing the helping. This article addresses immigration pro bono legal work, which is primarily conducted by women, and its impact on access to justice in the United States. Using a gender lens, the article examines naturalization, birthright citizenship, asylum and Temporary Protected Status, which is newly available for people from Ukraine and from Afghanistan. Immigration is an important area of focus for pro bono work, because without this help many people will stay in poverty and live on the margins of society.
Privatisation of the Gdansk shipyard was to prevent its collapse. The act on privatisation of state-owned enterprises, adopted by the parliament in 1990, set the rules to govern the ownership transformation process. The article is to analyse the privatisation process of Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina and the impact of state-owned institutions on the course of the privatisation in the period 1990-2007. A theses has been presented that Polish governments had no consistent concept for ownership transformation policy regarding the Gdansk shipyard. An attempt has been undertaken to answer the following research question: what factors affected the Gdansk shipyard privatisation process? The interdisciplinary approach to the analysed phenomenon enforced the application of research methods appropriate to political science, legal sciences, and sociology. The case of Gdansk shipyard testifies to absence of a privatisation policy on the part of the government, and wrong management by the shipyard authorities.
recovery plan shipbuilding industry Stocznia Gdańska SA state-owned enterprise governmental decisions privatisation policy systemic transformation restructuring
Freedom from fear is one of the four freedoms (along with freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want) that President Franklin D. Roosevelt presented first to the US Congress on 6 January 1941, and later to the entire world in the fight against Germany, Italy and Japan. They covered all areas of human life, guaranteeing security in the private and family spheres, in public life and in relations with other people and, above all, with any authority (especially the State). These freedoms became the basis of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, proclaimed on 10 December 1948, and other national and international documents. Freedom from fear has become a symbol of the protection of human rights and a guarantee of a safe life for every person everywhere in the world. The vast majority of conflicts in the world originate within national borders and their main victims are innocent civilians. States have a primary duty to protect everyone. They must create strong security instruments to prevent a repetition of the crimes of the Second World War. The quest for universal and individual security is constantly intertwined with new threats that grow with the development of civilisation, in particular through the evolution of technology and information. Today, we are also confronted with various aggressors - bandit states, cruel terrorists and populist governments on the verge of enslavement and incitement to violence. Education, cooperation, human rights and shared responsibility for others build respect for every human being - not only fellow citizens, but other people from distant parts of the global village. This shared responsibility began in the Congress of the United States of America on 6 January 1941.
flight from freedom Freedom from fear individual security human rights
For centuries, the death penalty has been a subject of interest not only to lawyers, political scientists, philosophers or psychologists, but also to representatives of various types of organizations, including non-governmental organizations and politicians. The death penalty is the merciless murder of a human being, committed premeditatedly by the state in the name of justice. It is a violation of the right to life guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is the most cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. A mistake cannot be eliminated, which is all the more dangerous because the death penalty is an irreversible punishment. The death penalty was and still is sometimes treated as a political tool, used to eliminate inconvenient opponents. In Poland, the last execution was carried out in 1988, followed by a moratorium on the adjudication and execution of the death penalty, and finally amended legislation. Today Poland is a member of the Council of Europe and the European Union, which strictly oppose the death penalty. However, there is no shortage of voices, both among politicians and the public, to reinstate the death penalty for the most serious crimes. This article presents the history of the death penalty in Poland and selected contemporary views, on the possibility of reinstating the death penalty in Polish criminal law.
public international law vs. death penalty supporters and opponents of death penalty history of death penalty in Poland death penalty in Poland the death penalty
In German cities thousands of people take to the streets, demanding a ceasefire in the Middle East. Despite the police warnings of delegalizing gatherings in case of law breach, the Holocaust is regularly relativized and hatred – regularly incited. During demonstrations, posters with the slogans, e.g., “Stop genocide in Gaza”, “From the river to the sea, we demand equality”, “Israel. A terror sate” or “Culture of the apartheid” are shown. The demonstrations are called by various pro-Palestinian groups with the co-participation of the German far-left political spectrum. During the gatherings we also face appeals for the establishment of the Islamic caliphate in Germany. In some cases, “being pro-Palestinian” is only an excuse to hold a strictly “Islamic religious gathering”, which is seen, e.g., from the fact that, during the marches, a strict sex segregation is obeyed, including the placement of women with children at the end of the protesters’ column.
Jews in Germany Palestinian refugees radical Palestinian groups Islamic religious gathering Hamas demonstrations Middle East
Uncontrolled arms trade is one of today’s global problems. Its consequence is the development of terrorism, drug trafficking, poverty, death of women and children in local conflicts, etc. Since the beginning of the 20th century, international organizations have been established and functioning to limit this practice. For decades, they have provided policymakers, researchers and civil society with impartial, evidence-based and policy-relevant knowledge on all aspects of small arms and armed violence.
Adopted in 2000, the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 marked a key moment in the integration of a gender perspective into the agenda of international institutions in the security field. The resolution emphasized the importance of the gender perspective in the context of armed conflict, the protection of women’s rights and peacebuilding. An organisation that plays a key role in achieving these goals is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The article analyses the actions and initiatives undertaken by NATO to implement the UN Women, Peace and Security Agenda.
The research goal of this paper is to develop a two-dimensional catalogue of security threats related to areas beyond national jurisdiction, taking into account specific features of each area and its legal regime. The catalogue of threats will take the form of a matrix where each area beyond national jurisdiction will be juxtaposed with five categories of threats: political, military, ecological, economic and human security. The matrix will visualize which threats are of relevance to the security of a particular area beyond national jurisdiction as well as which threats originating in a particular area beyond national jurisdiction are of relevance to the security of States and the whole international community.
The collapse of the USSR resulted in the decomposition of the security system in the post-Soviet Region. The states established after the collapse of the USSR were looking for new security guarantees, fearing for the future, especially at the beginning of shaping their statehood. However, the Russian Federation sought to reintegrate the post-Soviet area for historical and political reasons. Its goal was to subjugate the post-Soviet states and maintain its sphere of influence in the region. It created the Collective Security Treaty Organization, which was to be an institutional form of integration of the countries of the post-Soviet area under the leadership of Russia. Its actions were also aimed at eliminating the influence of European countries and the PRC in this region. The main aim of the article is to analyze the military and political activities of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the importance of the Russian Federation in it. The article presents the main decision-making bodies of the organization, political processes and actions undertaken by the CSTO. It also pays attention to a significant challenge for the CSTO created by the armed intervention of the Russian Federation in Ukraine in 2022.
Police brutality in Nigeria assumed monstrous dimensions and indeed remained the greatest threat to the youths and the survival of the nation. The government has not been seen to do much to resolve these problems and has made citizens who are inflicted with constant violence to begin to revolt. This paper examines the impact of police brutality on the peace and progress of Nigeria. It argues that low remuneration for police officers, indiscipline of police officers, corrupt political and judicial system from top to bottom, citizens nonchalance or foolishness, the fact that perpetrators do not get punish but get away free, greed of officers, psychological problems and undefined limits of their power are reasons why these actions strive. The paper extracted some basic proposition of the political participation theory as our theoretical framework of analysis. It employed secondary sources of data collections, which entails the use of materials from secondary sources. The method of analysis is descriptive, qualitative and prescriptive. The paper found out that the inability of government and her agencies to adopt preventive strategies that will focus more on promoting professionalism within the police and citizen friendly attitude are the root course of the challenges. We therefore recommend preventive and proactive approach as opposed to brutality, reactiveness, negligence and fire-brigade response to issues arising between the police and the citizenry
Research aim: This paper aims to show the actions that European metropolises are taking to minimise anthropic pressure and to present the attitudes of Polish city dwellers towards climate change. Research problem and methods: The main research problem is to determine to what extent cities, within the possibilities of self-government, can limit, their negative impact on the environment, taking into account the attitudes and opinions of their inhabitants. As research methods, a system analysis, a decision-making analysis, and a behavioural method were used, within which a survey technique was applied. Process of argument: the article presents the process of climate change and its consequences for the state of the environment and the well-being of societies. Actions taken by European metropolises that are forerunners in the implementation of pro-environmental solutions that fit into the vision of the economy and society of the future are presented. This futuristic perspective was juxtaposed with an analysis of the attitudes of the inhabitants of Polish cities. Results of the scientific analysis: The scientific analysis has shown that metropolitan European communities value intangibles, recognising the state of the environment as an integral part of them. Similar attitudes have been noticed among the inhabitants of Polish cities, although they vary depending on the size of the centre. At the same time, environmental awareness is not the same as the willingness to incur costs to protect nature. Conclusions, innovations, and recommendations: Stopping climate change is only possible with the active participation of cities that are forerunners in the implementation of innovative environmental technologies. Polish cities should benefit from the good practices of European environmental leaders, with the participation of citizens in the decisions taken.
social attitudes climate change good practices cities innovation
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