Complex interdependence has emerged as multiple channels that establish relations and agendas between states that involve public, private and NGO stakeholders to resolve issues and take a state towards a development path. This article argues how development policy establishes complex interdependence and also increases bilateral relationships. The development theory and economic interdependence evaluate the economic and social conditioning of developing countries in the shadow of complex interdependence; the role of international development assistance needs to understand the interest of developed countries in international relations. The theoretical analysis also compiles the term well-being including human development, health, quality of life, political freedom, social rights, and wealth. These terms are the centre point of well-being, which consists of happiness and health as subjective matters. As the importance of development is stressed by Holtz and Sen, both emphasise the well-being of the population, which must need to address the component of development for the eradication of poverty.

Women and children are disproportionately those seeking immigration relief in the United States, and women lawyers are disproportionately those helping them. But it can’t be just women lawyers doing the helping. This article addresses immigration pro bono legal work, which is primarily conducted by women, and its impact on access to justice in the United States. Using a gender lens, the article examines naturalization, birthright citizenship, asylum and Temporary Protected Status, which is newly available for people from Ukraine and from Afghanistan. Immigration is an important area of focus for pro bono work, because without this help many people will stay in poverty and live on the margins of society.

Privatisation of the Gdansk shipyard was to prevent its collapse. The act on privatisation of state-owned enterprises, adopted by the parliament in 1990, set the rules to govern the ownership transformation process. The article is to analyse the privatisation process of Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina and the impact of state-owned institutions on the course of the privatisation in the period 1990-2007. A theses has been presented that Polish governments had no consistent concept for ownership transformation policy regarding the Gdansk shipyard. An attempt has been undertaken to answer the following research question: what factors affected the Gdansk shipyard privatisation process? The interdisciplinary approach to the analysed phenomenon enforced the application of research methods appropriate to political science, legal sciences, and sociology. The case of Gdansk shipyard testifies to absence of a privatisation policy on the part of the government, and wrong management by the shipyard authorities.

Freedom from fear is one of the four freedoms (along with freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want) that President Franklin D. Roosevelt presented first to the US Congress on 6 January 1941, and later to the entire world in the fight against Germany, Italy and Japan. They covered all areas of human life, guaranteeing security in the private and family spheres, in public life and in relations with other people and, above all, with any authority (especially the State). These freedoms became the basis of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, proclaimed on 10 December 1948, and other national and international documents. Freedom from fear has become a symbol of the protection of human rights and a guarantee of a safe life for every person everywhere in the world. The vast majority of conflicts in the world originate within national borders and their main victims are innocent civilians. States have a primary duty to protect everyone. They must create strong security instruments to prevent a repetition of the crimes of the Second World War. The quest for universal and individual security is constantly intertwined with new threats that grow with the development of civilisation, in particular through the evolution of technology and information. Today, we are also confronted with various aggressors - bandit states, cruel terrorists and populist governments on the verge of enslavement and incitement to violence. Education, cooperation, human rights and shared responsibility for others build respect for every human being - not only fellow citizens, but other people from distant parts of the global village. This shared responsibility began in the Congress of the United States of America on 6 January 1941.

For centuries, the death penalty has been a subject of interest not only to lawyers, political scientists, philosophers or psychologists, but also to representatives of various types of organizations, including non-governmental organizations and politicians. The death penalty is the merciless murder of a human being, committed premeditatedly by the state in the name of justice. It is a violation of the right to life guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is the most cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. A mistake cannot be eliminated, which is all the more dangerous because the death penalty is an irreversible punishment. The death penalty was and still is sometimes treated as a political tool, used to eliminate inconvenient opponents. In Poland, the last execution was carried out in 1988, followed by a moratorium on the adjudication and execution of the death penalty, and finally amended legislation. Today Poland is a member of the Council of Europe and the European Union, which strictly oppose the death penalty. However, there is no shortage of voices, both among politicians and the public, to reinstate the death penalty for the most serious crimes. This article presents the history of the death penalty in Poland and selected contemporary views, on the possibility of reinstating the death penalty in Polish criminal law.

In German cities thousands of people take to the streets, demanding a ceasefire in the Middle East. Despite the police warnings of delegalizing gatherings in case of law breach, the Holocaust is regularly relativized and hatred – regularly incited. During demonstrations, posters with the slogans, e.g., “Stop genocide in Gaza”, “From the river to the sea, we demand equality”, “Israel. A terror sate” or “Culture of the apartheid” are shown. The demonstrations are called by various pro-Palestinian groups with the co-participation of the German far-left political spectrum. During the gatherings we also face appeals for the establishment of the Islamic caliphate in Germany. In some cases, “being pro-Palestinian” is only an excuse to hold a strictly “Islamic religious gathering”, which is seen, e.g., from the fact that, during the marches, a strict sex segregation is obeyed, including the placement of women with children at the end of the protesters’ column.

Uncontrolled arms trade is one of today’s global problems. Its consequence is the development of terrorism, drug trafficking, poverty, death of women and children in local conflicts, etc. Since the beginning of the 20th century, international organizations have been established and functioning to limit this practice. For decades, they have provided policymakers, researchers and civil society with impartial, evidence-based and policy-relevant knowledge on all aspects of small arms and armed violence.

Adopted in 2000, the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 marked a key moment in the integration of a gender perspective into the agenda of international institutions in the security field. The resolution emphasized the importance of the gender perspective in the context of armed conflict, the protection of women’s rights and peacebuilding. An organisation that plays a key role in achieving these goals is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The article analyses the actions and initiatives undertaken by NATO to implement the UN Women, Peace and Security Agenda.

The research goal of this paper is to develop a two-dimensional catalogue of security threats related to areas beyond national jurisdiction, taking into account specific features of each area and its legal regime. The catalogue of threats will take the form of a matrix where each area beyond national jurisdiction will be juxtaposed with five categories of threats: political, military, ecological, economic and human security. The matrix will visualize which threats are of relevance to the security of a particular area beyond national jurisdiction as well as which threats originating in a particular area beyond national jurisdiction are of relevance to the security of States and the whole international community.

The collapse of the USSR resulted in the decomposition of the security system in the post-Soviet Region. The states established after the collapse of the USSR were looking for new security guarantees, fearing for the future, especially at the beginning of shaping their statehood. However, the Russian Federation sought to reintegrate the post-Soviet area for historical and political reasons. Its goal was to subjugate the post-Soviet states and maintain its sphere of influence in the region. It created the Collective Security Treaty Organization, which was to be an institutional form of integration of the countries of the post-Soviet area under the leadership of Russia. Its actions were also aimed at eliminating the influence of European countries and the PRC in this region. The main aim of the article is to analyze the military and political activities of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the importance of the Russian Federation in it. The article presents the main decision-making bodies of the organization, political processes and actions undertaken by the CSTO. It also pays attention to a significant challenge for the CSTO created by the armed intervention of the Russian Federation in Ukraine in 2022.

Police brutality in Nigeria assumed monstrous dimensions and indeed remained the greatest threat to the youths and the survival of the nation. The government has not been seen to do much to resolve these problems and has made citizens who are inflicted with constant violence to begin to revolt. This paper examines the impact of police brutality on the peace and progress of Nigeria. It argues that low remuneration for police officers, indiscipline of police officers, corrupt political and judicial system from top to bottom, citizens nonchalance or foolishness, the fact that perpetrators do not get punish but get away free, greed of officers, psychological problems and undefined limits of their power are reasons why these actions strive. The paper extracted some basic proposition of the political participation theory as our theoretical framework of analysis. It employed secondary sources of data collections, which entails the use of materials from secondary sources. The method of analysis is descriptive, qualitative and prescriptive. The paper found out that the inability of government and her agencies to adopt preventive strategies that will focus more on promoting professionalism within the police and citizen friendly attitude are the root course of the challenges. We therefore recommend preventive and proactive approach as opposed to brutality, reactiveness, negligence and fire-brigade response to issues arising between the police and the citizenry

Research aim: This paper aims to show the actions that European metropolises are taking to minimise anthropic pressure and to present the attitudes of Polish city dwellers towards climate change. Research problem and methods: The main research problem is to determine to what extent cities, within the possibilities of self-government, can limit, their negative impact on the environment, taking into account the attitudes and opinions of their inhabitants. As research methods, a system analysis, a decision-making analysis, and a behavioural method were used, within which a survey technique was applied. Process of argument: the article presents the process of climate change and its consequences for the state of the environment and the well-being of societies. Actions taken by European metropolises that are forerunners in the implementation of pro-environmental solutions that fit into the vision of the economy and society of the future are presented. This futuristic perspective was juxtaposed with an analysis of the attitudes of the inhabitants of Polish cities. Results of the scientific analysis: The scientific analysis has shown that metropolitan European communities value intangibles, recognising the state of the environment as an integral part of them. Similar attitudes have been noticed among the inhabitants of Polish cities, although they vary depending on the size of the centre. At the same time, environmental awareness is not the same as the willingness to incur costs to protect nature. Conclusions, innovations, and recommendations: Stopping climate change is only possible with the active participation of cities that are forerunners in the implementation of innovative environmental technologies. Polish cities should benefit from the good practices of European environmental leaders, with the participation of citizens in the decisions taken.