The recent growing interest in cognitive linguistics, scientific works, monographs and textbooks written in this field are evidence of this. Language levels and trends in their development, structural approach to languages, language and speech issues, functional approach to language units, etc. the problems have begun to be seriously investigated. One such issue is the study of modern cognitive linguistics and lexical-semantic systems. Language is subject to various influences in the process of development. These effects result in changes in different layers of language, including the lexical layer. This process leads to the obsolescence of word meanings in the lexicon, the emergence of new meanings, the expansion of meaning, the narrowing of meaning, the diversification of meaning, and so on. This leads to the fact that the connection between the lexical and semantic meanings of words is also affected; new lexical-semantic word groups appear. The article is rich in quotes from the works of many scholars.

According to Wilhelm von Humboldt, the founder of the philosophy of language, the formation of objects and concepts in our minds, as well as everything we receive from the outside, is achieved through language. Our understanding of the world is possible through the use of culture and language. That is, if there were no language, there would be no intelligence. Because of the culture and intelligence, we acquire through language, each person exists as a reflection of the prevailing worldview. Each stage of cultural development is connected and comprehended through language. Language is not a tool for describing the known, but a tool for discovering the unknown. The true power of language lies in its constructiveness.

The purpose of this study is to discuss the struggle between the prime minister and the president to exercise legislative and executive power. According to the constitution of Romania, there is a clear division of power between the President and the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the head of government but the President also plays a key role in the country. There are many examples of interference in legislative work by the President of Romania. The paper discusses power sharing between the legislative and executive power of the Prime minister and the President of Romania. Because of the semi-presidential system in the country, the President of Romania has equal legislative power as the Prime minister. This has in practice led to major contradictions in the functioning of the Romanian political system. The paper analyses the substantial power that the Constitution vests the President with affects the Prime Minister’s role in the country. That is why Romania’s democratic journey has been one of power struggle between the President and the Prime Minister. Apart from the many conflicts between the President and Prime Minister, there is a massive debate on corruption which has also critically affected institution-building in this new democracy. There are discussions about the pillar of democratic bodies which is fragile and lacks trust in political institutions.

What does the future hold for us? Which path will humanity take? Perhaps people will finally learn from the mistakes of past generations and build a perfect society? Or they will choose a disastrous path, making the life of an individual absolutely unbearable? Science fiction writers have repeatedly tried to find answers… Science fiction is dedicated to the two opposites of the development of civilization. When people talk about fiction of the early twentieth century, they usually mean so-called “science fiction.” The first works of fantastic literature of new varieties began to appear at the end of the 19th century, and individual works even earlier. In this case we are talking about works that combine a literary plot with scientific fragments; at the same time, the work as a whole acquires a journalistic character. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, due to extra-literary factors, this form became extremely popular. Its development is influenced by the rapid growth of scientific, or more precisely, technical research, and the powerful introduction of technology into human life.

Since the 1960s, African states have passed through different conflicts with reasons such as politics, ethnic, religious, and resource-based conflicts such as border or land disputes, and several other causes. The Northern Senatorial zone of Plateau State, Nigeria has witnessed several violent conflicts between 2001 and 2023 with several scholars assessing the immediate causes and its impact without looking at the remote causes. This study examines the history of conflicts in the Northern Plateau Senatorial zone and its persistent nature with its root causes. The study adopted history research method, which comprised primary and secondary sources. Data was obtained by the researcher from oral interviews in the Jos metropolis and across Plateau North. Also, books and Journals from the University of Jos and the National Library Jos branch provided quality data. The conflict in the Northern Plateau comprising five out of the six local council areas evolved from instances of clashes and skirmishes as a result of spontaneous ethnic and religious provocations and reactions to planned attacks between Christians and Muslins in Jos North and South starting from 2001, guerilla-style reprisals, cattle rustling, herder/farmer clashes across Bassa, Riyom and Barkin Ladi LGAs. The study found out that the root cause of conflicts in the Northern Plateau was the British colonial policies of the 1900s, which led to the massive influx of immigrants that settled permanently in Jos North and South, Barkin Ladi, Riyom and Bassa LGAs. The study discovers that the conflict in Northern Plateau has led to pervasive insecurity of lives and property, as evidenced by the spate of cattle rustling, armed robbery attacks, assassinations, and ethnic and religious feuds coupled with the seeming helplessness of security agencies to handle criminal attacks on civilian populations in Riyom, Barkin Ladi and Bassa LGAs. The study recommends that security can be secure if freedom and justice are allowed to reign through arresting perpetrators and punishing them severely, allowing freedom of economic, political and social participation for all citizens of Plateau State without ethnic or religious discrimination.

Electoral processes in many African countries including Nigeria, are faced with the challenges of conducting free, fair, credible and violence-free elections. Political violence has become a stain on Nigerian democracy. This paper therefore examined the impact of political violence on national security in Nigeria. The paper adopted the descriptive analytical approach. This study found out that Political violence in Nigeria is now a stain in our democracy that is now seen as a political structure and strategy for employment during elections and the use of weapons during elections have an aftermath impact on the national security. Consequently, some recommendations were made by the researcher. The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has to take conscious and strategic actions against political violence in the country (Nigeria), due to the fact that action and inaction of the government of the country plays a very important role in either stopping or continuing the menace. Appropriate security network and intelligence should be organized to monitor electoral activities of the country to mitigate incidences of violence. The Independent National Electoral Commission should conduct free, fair and credible elections in Nigeria while the political parties and their candidates should ensure strict compliance with electoral regulations of the country (Nigeria).