No. 3

Contents

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-4
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop2012toc.pdf

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EU’s Human Rights Protection Policy

  • Author: Ewelina Cała-Wacinkiewicz
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 5-20
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201201
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201201.pdf

The overall objective of this paper is to outline the evolution of human rights policy in the European Union, with particular emphasis on the delimitation of time resulting from the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon signed on 13 December 2007, which revealed how strongly law is related to politics. Focusing on that issue is not accidental. This results from the fact that the European Union is an excellent example of an international organization whose priority aim at the moment of its creation was not the protection of human rights treated as an end in itself, and which in the course of its development has made the protection and promotion of human rights, “a silver thread running through all EU actions “. The specific objectives (though no less important from the point of view of the essence of human rights protection in the European Union) are: to show the systemic nature of the protection of those rights, the nature which is increasingly becoming part of the European Union, hitherto breaking somewhat the monopoly of the Council of Europe in this field; and to evaluate the European Union policy on the protection of human rights.

(Sub)national leadership in the European Union – the case of Alex Salmond

  • Author: Tomasz Czapiewski
  • Institution: Uniwersyt Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 21-33
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201202
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201202.pdf

The aim of this article is to describe one exemplification of the phenomena of subnational leadership in the conditions of widely developed European integration, that created multi level political stratus. Alex Salmond for many years stands as charismatic leader of regional political party and succeeded in electoral competition. His method of political activities are stemming controversies, though, the summary of his overall political activities must point out his influence on the structure of modern United Kingdom – there is great possibility that we are 1–2 years ago from independence referendum.

Chosen problems of forecasting social phenomena

  • Author: Łukasz Donaj
  • Institution: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 34-42
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201203
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201203.pdf

Forecasting is understood as predicting based on specific trustworthy data. Futurology in turn is the science of predicting the future. In the course of forecasting, we also aim to determine the conditions for the evolution of the analysed phenomenon. A forecast prepared for this purpose must take account of the known relationships, types, and intensity of external influences and internal changes expected in the development of the phenomenon under investigation. Forecasting social phenomena can in many ways be difficult. The reason is that it is the nature of these phenomena to be closely and multilaterally linked with physical, biological, and other social phenomena. Thus, making judgements about the future course of social phenomena, which, unlike physical phenomena based on “strong” science, are dependent on a large number of factors with varying degrees of stability is a complex task. The aim of the publication is an analysis of selected issues that affect predicting social phenomena, hence the paper discusses issues such as qualitative character of social science laws; Oedipus effect; syndromatic nature of social phenomena; evolving nature of social reality; substantive rationality and methodological rationality etc.

The state’s policy with regard to prevention of legal exclusion based on administration of justice in civil cases – selected issues

  • Author: Kinga Flaga-Gieruszyńska
  • Institution: Uniwersyt Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 43-57
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201204
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201204.pdf

The Author devoted her treatise to issues of social policy in the areas of combatting legal exclusion, restricting the discussion to justice in civil matters. The Author pointed out the essence of this exclusion understood as a kind of legal exclusion and also characterized its scope in the case of the right to present one’s plea in court in civil cases. Indicating the reasons for the legal exclusion the Author pointed out the relationship between this kind of exclusion and poverty. The final element of the treatise was the analysis of solutions used by democratic countries in the fight against legal restrictions on access to court as a key example of legal exclusion.

The role of the president of the Russian Federation in shaping of the country’s security

  • Author: Sylwester Gardocki
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 58-87
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201205
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201205.pdf

The overall objective of this paper is to outline how president of Russia performs his tasks in the area of security mainly through the specific and politically strong body of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. The result of this analysis is pointing out the role of the people directly managing the armed forces and internal security apparatus in influencing the president. More and more key positions in the country and economy are occupied by FSB people indisputable tendency to fill the sectors that the president considered as the most important with people from the security apparatus. The dependence of the president on the heads of the units forming the coercive apparatus is not the quality obvious only for Vladimir Putin’s presidency; it was also visible in the activity of president Boris Yeltsin, which has for many years escaped the attention of many of the scholars studying Russia.

Polish Presidency of the Council of the European Union as the relatively well used chance of promoting interests in time of crisis – an attempt at assessment

  • Author: Radosław Grodzki
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 88-102
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201206
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201206.pdf

President performs his tasks mainly through the specific and politically strong body of the Security Council of the Russian Federation The Author devoted her treatise to the issues of polish presidency in the European Union. The Author pointed out the variety of factors that need to be taken into account when estimating effectiveness of this institution. Indicating the problems troubling the EU Author pointed out how Polish Presidency became coordinator of many meeting what was tremendous logistical tasks. The final element of the treatise was the analysis of opinions formulated inside Poland – their character was predictably determined by political bias.

General characteristics of the new Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan

  • Author: Aygerim Kemelbayeva
  • Institution: Kazakhstan State University
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 103-111
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201207
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201207.pdf

The aim of this article is to describe and explain the novelty of the New Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan was signed on May 15. The Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, along with labor relations with the head or collegial executive body of the legal person has several features that in author’s opinion are worthy of new creative thinking and learning. As the Author underlined in this article, the main objectives of the Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan are to ensure compliance with labor standards with international standards, compliance with the principles of international law, international experience of regulating labor relations, to minimize the negative effects during the entry into the WTO, as well as the consolidation of the Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan the relevant current market requirements of international labor standards.

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Polish political and economic perspective

  • Author: Karol Kościelniak
  • Institution: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 112-126
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201208
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201208.pdf

The history of bilateral relations between Poland and Vietnam reaches the year 1950 when countries of the Eastern Bloc, including Poland, acknowledged independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Since then, we have observed more or less intensive mutual contacts. We have cooperated in many fields. And today, watching moves of Polish and Vietnamese politicians and signed agreements, we can see that this cooperation is getting colors and like years ago, it covers various fields. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Polish political and economic perspective does not have a significant status. Despite the fact that with every year, the interest of the Polish as well as Vietnamese side is getting bigger. However the biggest problem is the adverse balance of trade between both countries. Time will show in which direction the Polish-Vietnamese cooperation will go. However, looking at expressive economic growth of Vietnam during the last few years and what is even more important, at further perspectives of this prosperity, Poland should maintain good relations with this economic partner, enlarging at the same time its export to this country. We can see in Vietnam an opportunity for Polish traders for exporting their products to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Turkey’s European aspirations in the last decade. A real desire to become full EU member or a model example of reality of politics?

  • Author: Piotr Mszyca
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 127-143
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201209
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201209.pdf

The examples mentioned above show, that Turkey on its way to become full member of European Union does not make a clean breast of it. Officially Turkey wants to become a part of EU but unofficially the negotiation process by itself, gave Turkey many positives. So if we look at the obstacles that hamper Turkish accession, and some of them are almost impossible to overcome, we can reach a conclusion that only by the negotiations Turkey profits greatly. Doing balance sheet of profits and looses, we can advance a thesis that Turkey wouldn’t gain much more than already has. So why would Turkey want to join European Union? Isn’t that only an idée fixe for Ankara for over half a decade? It seems that for today, the negotiations with Brussels is kind of double-dealing. Nobody knows how would it affect Turkey, if broke of the negotiations or Ankara became a full EU’s member. So, for now, Ankara prefers to keep status quo with European Union, as long as it benefits. All the cases given above give evidence then, that Turkey performs politics according to the old iron rule of reality of politics in contacts with EU and it is not that obvious that Turkey really wants to totally join European family.

Preserving the National Identity of the Ukrainian Minority and the Polish Law

  • Author: Beata A. Orłowska
  • Institution: Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 144-153
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201210
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201210.pdf

The article presents the process of maintaining identity of Ucrainians in reference to polish law. This example indicates that regulations regarding minorities must be monitored constantly to avoid vanishing of unique culture. Only formation of appropriate legal system can lead to coexistence of diverse cultures on the same area. Europe has always been multicultural, but nowadays unifi cation of law is crucial.

Energy safety of central-east European countries versus „gas main politics” of the Russian Federation

  • Author: Witold Ostant
  • Institution: Instytut Zachodni w Poznaniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 154-172
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201211
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201211.pdf

This article aims to describe the EU’s dependence on import and also to a growing danger of impediments in supplies and lack of guarantee of stable prices. In time dependence on import of energy resources and its risks may lead to a disturbance in a stable economic development of the EU countries. At the same time the EU countries are more and more dependent on the import of oil and natural gas. The EU countries are practically at a loss in the face of Russian gas politics, they do not even try to create a solid block, which could change the stance of Russia with the use of diplomatic and economic means. Perhaps in this case a hypothesis could be proposed that the reasons for the crisis are political, not commercial. Germany and France from time to time demonstrate in public their very good relations with the Russian Federation.

Here comes a man: something about a new Aryan

  • Author: Sławomir Ozdyk
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 173-206
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201212
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201212.pdf

The internationalisation of far-right movements is a fact and the trans-national cooperation of neo-fascists is its part. In Poland it is seen from the activity of NOP or ONR, for a long time fascinated with a potential cooperation with neo-fascists from other countries. This specific political schizophrenia; alliances with the most aggressive enemies of their own nation, can be astonishing; however, not in the situation when we know that the far-right parties using the slogan, let’s defend Europe together, want to create a European political international. For that reason also the neo-Nazis cooperate in their fight against the Jews and ‘blacks’, make plans of joint actions and get trained together. As seen from the example of the Brown Army Fraction – Zwickauer Terrorzelle from Germany, an extremist national movement is a phenomenon which is most complex. There are hundreds of groups with international links, and often one person is a member of a few similar organizations. In the Polish far-right environment, similarly as in the case of Autonomic Nationalists in Germany, there emerged a yearning for something new, perfect and free from surveillance since the groups which were known were fossilised, permanently observed and, in practise, they ceased to operate. One had to start everything from scratch; differently, with new people and methods. What was needed to attract committed believers was the strategy worthy of the era of mobile Internet. An example of such modern international operation is a terrorist group Combat 18; however, it is hardly an organization as the group is based on the idea of leaderless resistance. Even though C18 is very active in Poland, we still have not had any terrorist attack, however the level of ignorance of the authorities can lead to it. Neo-fascists are, following their mentor, Himmler, passionate about various symbols, codes or Celtic patterns. Printed on clothes, CDs, in magazines, on cars or tattooed on the skin or processed as jewellery, they play a few basic functions; used by the neo-Nazi, the codes, symbols and signs are a visual representation of their beliefs and an integral part of far-right culture.

Sources of the contemporary strategic thinking. Readiness to unlimited violence

  • Author: Jarosław J. Piątek
  • Institution: Instytut Politologii i Europeistyki Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 207-223
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201213
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201213.pdf

Relationships between the United States and the Soviet Union not only wielded enormous influence on almost half century of international relations, but freed also an entire number of analyses and strategic theories, which and in our times have their bigger or smaller references. Cold war in one’s for the political plane and military was the “golden age” for the strategy. For the author of the most interesting strategic analyses, with which in the huge rank it isn’t possible to comprehend, as only historical formed the strategic action appealing above all to Clausewitza and Lenin. The strategy is pointing, how a victory refers through the war, it isn’t possible so, of course, to ponder issues of the strategy until they determine, what the war is. According to the famous Clausewitza definition, the war is an act of violence, being aimed at forcing the opponent to fulfil of our will. This expression contains two crucial elements. Firstly, the war assumes the violence what is distinguishing her from other forms of political, economic or military rivalry. Secondly, it isn’t the pointless slaughter, but the tool being used to achieve the political purpose. It outlined the vision of world with time with the arms race and manners of the effective disarmament?

Peculiarities of the carriage contract under the Kazakhstan Republic law

  • Author: Assel Sharipova
  • Institution: Kazakhstan State University
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 224-236
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201214
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201214.pdf

Contract of carriage and transportation terms and their special features are important problems of the civil law. Kazakhstan has chosen innovational development and it requires radical reforms in all spheres. Nowadays transportation is widely used , so there are different legal problems concerning it. The purpose of the given research was to systemize drawbacks in legal regulation of transport relations, to give legal assessment, theoretical and practical recommendations, tasks were the reason and base to define ways in reaching the purpose. Kazakhstani legislation relating to transportation sphere consists of six stages. The main tasks of our work were to determine different legal problems on those stages and to make right decisions.

The so-called ‘political heuristics’ in the light of praxiology

  • Author: Benon Zbigniew Szałek
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 237-251
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201215
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201215.pdf

The aim of this article is to describe the concept of political heuristics. It is most often understood as : party identification, political ideology, personal qualities of the candidate, candidate’s relative viability, electability and momentum. In author’s opinion, it is obvious that the so-called political heuristics do not lead to the best solution / choice. Moreover, this concept suggests that politics / political activity = elections. Political heuristics, as described in this article, are political pseudoheuristics, as they do not help solving political problems: they only help ‘getting rid’ of certain electoral problems. Sets of such political heuristics could be regarded as variants of political / electoral marketing mix.

European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation as the European Union Instrument of Cohesion Policy Implementation

  • Author: Daniel Wacinkiewicz
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 252-267
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201216
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201216.pdf

Observing the political processes taking place in the modern European Union, one can see the anchoring of the position of the cohesion policy as one of the most important policies of the organization, and within it its growing role of “territorial cohesion”. In legal terms this is reflected even in Treaty on European Union, and clearly confirms the same meaning given to the territorial dimension as economic and social dimensions were given in previous treaties. This fact, can have a significant impact on the shaping of the future of European territorial cooperation – its priorities, benchmarks, implementation forms and purposes. Increasing importance of territorial cooperation is strictly connected with the role of the European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), which is one of the most important new instruments for its implementation.

Energetics. Available materials

  • Author: Sylwester Zdanowski
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 268-287
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201217
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201217.pdf

Little more optimistic predictions state that prices will rise. How fast depends from resource supplies. To slow it down we have to forget about using X% of sun energy in 50 years. Solutions decreasing oil usage in power plants and transport wont eliminate it complicity but will allow to buy time necessary to replace oil in other branches of economy. Otherwise agrarian revolution which made T. Malthus predictions ridiculous will have to bow before his vision. Today we have chance to see this problem before global peak oil thanks to speculative bobble, which lead many to bankruptcy. Future depends on biggest countries policy and research in public domain. Especially those with every day knowledge can influence our future. For one by voting for best representatives that will improve politic. Next by supporting public domain in search for solutions. Finally and most importantly by every day actions. Decisions that create energy usage like turning on computer or choosing private car instead of public transport. But many every day things requires a lot of knowledge to notice. This fact alone brings issue of energy like many others back to education process.

Militarisation of outer space – selected problems

  • Author: Andrzej Żebrowski
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 288-310
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/rop201218
  • PDF: rop/2012/rop201218.pdf

This article aims at indicating a significant problem from the point of view of international security, i.e. militarisation of outer space and the ongoing race for domination with the participation of the United States, the Russian Federation, China and India. The ongoing development of military resources in the outer space and the existing gaps in the international law regulations concerning space law result in the fact that the concept of the cosmic theatre of war is gradually realised. One of the biggest challenges that are contemporarily faced by the international security is the proliferation of missile technology, especially in those countries that are seeking to obtain a favourable regional geopolitical position or aspiring to become supra-regional leaders. Missile defence system consists of four inter-related and complementary elements: land, sea, air and outer space.

AUTHORS

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 315
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: rop/2013/rop2012auth.pdf

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