Spis treści
- Year of publication: 2021
- Source: Show
- Pages: 3-4
- DOI Address: -
- PDF: so/19/so19toc.pdf
Muqtada al-Sadr from Opposition to Power: Democracy of the Cleric in Iraq After 2003
According to learned scholars, radical political movements change their behavior when participating in formal politics. Muqtada al-Sadr, a Shiite cleric, used violence in order to protect his movement. At its inception, the Sadrist movement became an armed militia called the Mahdi Army. This paper will examine al-Sadr’s transition from opposition to power in the new political system in Iraq. In 2004 al-Sadr turned to politics by recognizing the political system in Iraq. Learned scholars suggest that al-Sadr should have transferred his movement into a political party to interact with the state political system and should then have been responsible for its outline. Al-Sadr returned to violence in 2006, threatening the new democracy in Iraq. If he recognized the political game, why did he resort to violence? This work suggests that to be in politics in post-2003, he should have formed a military wing to achieve political and material goals to maintain his movement.
армия Махди Mahdi army radical Islam Iraqi democracy Shiite Muqtada al-Sadr
The Federal State of Iraq as a Solution to the Ethnic and Denominational Problems on the Example of Kurdistan
Federalism is one of many political solutions to the situation in the Iraqi state. The reason is that it was a political solution most frequently used in the world. It was applied mainly in multicultural countries. The complex political and administrative situation compels to look for a political compromise that will find justification and legal basis in the constitution of a given country. The federal system appears to be the compromise. Meanwhile, the Russian model can be used as an example for Iraqi Kurdistan, particularly in the case of Dagestan. In the early twentieth century, the newly established Iraqi state incorporated a part of the Kurdish region, while at the same time there were plans to create the Kurdish state. The difficulties would not let up. Problems related to nationality were becoming more acute. The second phase of the Iraqi problem arose after the collapse of Saddam Hussein’s regime. A diversified country was beginning to face a problem not only on national, but also religious grounds. The Russian model, predominantly exemplified by Dagestan, could prove successful in Iraq. Both ethnic and religious similarities speak for it.
Россия Курдистан Ирак Ближний Восток Russia Kurdistan Iraq Middle East federalism
Iran’s Nuclear Potential and Its Political Implications for the Middle-East
Among many threats of the contemporary world, nuclear weapons should certainly be mentioned. While governments are aware of the disastrous consequences of their use, efforts are still being made to develop nuclear potential. The US withdrawal from the nuclear agreement has prompted Iran to step up its research and development efforts and increase its stockpile of nuclear fuel. To consider possible political consequences of Iran’s expansion of nuclear arsenal, the most significant developments in Iranian history relating to nuclear weapons have been followed. The article focuses solely on the most significant possible political consequences. Conclusion: two extreme scenarios seem most likely: nuclear weapons would provide stability and peace in the region and provide a counterbalance to the US and the negotiating field. A psychological and rational mechanism of the MAD concept would work, or on the contrary, the US concerns about Iran’s dominance in the region and pressure on others to buy weapons would realize.
political consequences nuclear weapons ядерное оружие Iran Ближний Восток Middle East
The Clash Between China and the United States and Security in the Asia-Pacific Region – A Security Dilemma, a Balance of Power and the Bandwagon Effect
This article attempts to answer the question about the security situation in the Asia-Pacific region. The authors decided to verify the authenticity of the thesis that Asia witnessed the birth of a new security dilemma based on the data on the amount of defense spending among the key countries of the region (China, the United States, Japan, Russia, Pakistan, Australia, and India). The second thesis that the authors want to confirm or reject is that there is a coalition in the Asia-Pacific area that is creating a balance of power and, at the same time, a growing number of countries that want to join the PRC. To this end, the authors have used a content analysis method and a comparative method. The first chapter is a brief description of the article’s theoretical framework in the form of a realistic current in international relations and security research and an explanation of the concepts of power balance, security dilemma, and bandwagoning applied. The second chapter presents data on the defense spending of the most important actors in the region. In the third chapter, which is a substitute for a conclusion, the authors will analyze the situation in the Asia-Pacific region using the previously presented theoretical approach and empirical data.
связь с более сильными joining a stronger one balance of power security problem Asia-Pacific Region
The Life and the Activity of the Central Asian Sufi Najm ad-Din Kubra
The article presents the life and the activity of the Sufiand Central Asia - Najm ad-Din Kubra. The paper describes the life that formed the later master of Islamic mysticism. Much emphasis was placed on the issues related to the teachings of the Sufi(e.g. about zikr) and the on the description of the color theory (Latoif), extremely important for students of Kubra. Attention was also paid to the effects of the teachings of ad-Din Kubra (which the brotherhoods drew from the wisdom of the mystic) and how they adapted in society and politics over the centuries.
кубравия суфизм ислам Kubraviyya Latoif Sufism Islam Najm ad-Din Kubra
Women’s Emancipation in the Social Thought of the Bengali Renaissance Thinkers
In the middle of 19th century, Bengal, the region of British India, witnessed an intellectual and religious awakening. It was a time of significant revival of cultural, social, and political life, manifested in arising new cultural trends, political ideologies, and social movements. According to Indian reformers, values such as social equality, women’s emancipation, and universal access to education have gained particular recognition. In the area of women’s rights, social activists such as Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, or Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, have postulated compulsory education for girls, abolition of the custom of widow’s self-immolation, right to remarry for widowed women, and prohibition of marrying children and polygamy. Moreover, the reformers of Bengal Renaissance created a model of a new Indian woman: bhadramahila. Initially, the name was used only for the female equivalent of a bhadralok, a male from the Bengali middle or upper class, who has a good education and knowledge about culture. Over time, however, the word bhadramahila has begun to function in relation to a social construct, which was a modern woman of the Bengal Renaissance. This paper explores the women’s issues in the journalism of Bengali intellectuals of that period. Journalism began to become a way of expressing social views in India, on a scale unprecedented in this region. The article aims to present the issues of women’s emancipation in the broader context of the ideas of the Bengali Renaissance and to define the perspectives of detailed research in areas which - despite the presence of this subject in the scientific discourse - still require in-depth studies.
Рам Мохан Рой Ram Mohan Roy Ischwar Chandra Vidyasagar Rabindranath Tagore journalism of Bengal Renaissance woman in Hindu traditions woman in Indian culture Bengal Renaissance woman in India
Principles in the Grammatical Teaching of Chinese as a Foreign Language
As the pace of Chinese economy’s development continues to increase, the “Chinese fever” has already become a common phenomenon within the global language communication system. Teaching Chinese as a foreign language (TCFL), regardless of the method of choice (audiolingual method, direct method, or communicative approach), is impossible without grammar. Regarding TCFL, the goal of teaching grammar is to make foreign students understand the distinguishing features of Chinese grammar and help them master its rules to correctly use the language, develop communicative competence, and efficiently increase proficiency in Chinese. This paper incorporates some living examples and, by discussing the grammatical teaching of Chinese as a foreign language, should answer some questions connected to its principles.
принципы преподавания teaching principles Chinese grammar teaching teaching Chinese as a foreign language (TCFL)
Report of the Seminar of the “Nowa Polityka Wschodnia” [New Eastern Politics] “China in the face of the evolution of the contemporary international order”, Toruń, October 21, 2020
Отчет семинара журнала «Nowa Polityka Wschodnia» [Новая восточная политика] «Китай перед лицом эволюции современного международного порядка», Торунь, 21-ое октября 2020 года
Discussion on the 50th Anniversary of the Institute of Political Science of the University of Wrocław, Wrocław, 3 Koszarowa Street, Room C, panel: “Market Embodiment of a Political Scientist”, November 21, 2019, 11.00 (revised in 2020)
Голос в дискуссии по случаю 50-летия Института политологии Вроцлавского университета, Вроцлав, ул. Кошарова 3, зал C, панель: «Рыночное воплощение политолога», 21-ое ноября 2019 г., 11.00 часов (обновлено в 2020 г.)
The author examines the importance of the “Chinese factor” in today’s world from the perspective of current phenomena such as particular political and economic uncertainty, and examines them against the background of global cooperation and parallel – unprecedented competition at the same level. Globalization processes have taken place over the centuries, but have gained particular importance in our present day. However, they continue to evolve; however, we have left “the golden age” of globalization (1990–2010) already behind us and the related processes are more difficult now. They have acquired new characteristics and for a new success requires application of entirely new recipes. China ever louder talks about the need for a “new” globalization, in line with its new aspirations as a pretender for the global economy’s leadership position. The Belt and Road Initiative, launched in 2013, has been in the center of its vision. It has become the foundation for China’s foreign policy in the horizon of at least the middle of XXI century. It could be designed to re-confirm the unprecedented China’s economic success of the past four decades, which to a great extent could be derived from a skillful use of the “traditional” mechanisms of globalization. In the Belt and Road Initiative, China sees the prescription for overcoming emerging internal tensions and difficulties and the new way to a global success. The author examines the emerging at this stage, complex challenges for today’s China and the Belt and Road Initiative, that can be defined as “external” and dependent not only on own Chinese decisions. They stem e.g. from the need to overcome many barriers and cultural differences between China and its countries-partners in the Belt and Road project. On the other hand, the author identifies some “internal” challenges of systemic nature. Their reduction, and sometimes even abolition, depends mainly on mechanism applied independently by the Chinese side.
China globalization uncertainty cooperation and rivalry The Belt and Road Initiative external challenges Китай глобализация
Above All, Honor. Reasons Behind the Specific Perception of War Prisoners in Japanese Culture – A Comparison with Western Societies
Cultural differences between Western and Eastern civilizations are noticeable in the system of professed values and in many aspects of life. This also applies to the approach to captives, which was clearly demonstrated by the events of the first years after the end of World War II. An example could be the way in which former Japanese and German soldiers, who were captured after the end of the war, were treated after their return to homeland. This article aims to show the sources of these differences and, to a lesser extent, examples of behaviors which they caused. The analysis consists of references to historical, economic, social, religious, and psychological conditions, which, as intertwined, resulted in the emergence of different perceptions of an individual’s role in a society and his obligations toward the community. These conditions determined the specific attitudes of representatives of each culture in difficult war and post-war circumstances. Explaining the Japanese soldiers’ willingness to sacrifice and the importance of honor for them, reference was made to the influences of Confucianism, Buddhism, Shinto, and the bushido tradition. Showing the deeply rooted reasons for the attitudes described in the article was therefore supposed to enable their explanation.
Восточная культура captivity POW Eastern culture Confucianism cultural differences Китай Japan China
The Success of the Kingdom of Bhutan in Times of the Pandemic – An Example of Conscious Action or Chance?
The article addresses the fight of the Kingdom of Bhutan against the coronavirus pandemic from the beginning of 2020 to the end of September 2020 and answers the title question. Stages of the spread of the disease during the period indicated in the title are presented, as well as the accompanying actions of the public authorities whose task was, among others, to minimize its effects. Particular attention was paid to the king – his activity, including social media, image and the content of his public speeches. Economic solutions designed to counteract the crisis and support citizens in the difficult situation are also presented.
fight against coronavirus Бутан Ковид-19 pandemic COVID-19 Bhutan
An Attempt to Analyze Saudi-American Relations in 2017
The text presents the relations of the Saudi Arabia’s Royal Family and President Donald Trump in 2017. Political, and economic issues between Saudi Arabia and the USA in 2017 were indicated.
The paper aims to examine the political activity of young Georgians. The research statement of this paper is that the negative attitudes of young people toward social and political life can be attributed to political processes that do not take into account the interests of young people. In addition, the young generation is mostly politically active in the form of protests. To analyze this scientific objective, we have used several research methods based partly on secondary and primary sources, i.e., expert interviews were conducted online with Georgian researchers from Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and Ilia State University. The paper is part of a series of papers on the opinions of the young generation of Georgians about democracy and democratization. The study is essential for analyzing the perception of the mentioned concepts among the generations in Georgia.
Political activity political behavior Georgians young Georgians young generation civil society политическая деятельность
This article is devoted to the problems that prevail in times from antiquity to the present day. The specter of an epidemic, known to humankind since the dawn of time, was a negative phenomenon, destabilizing contemporary life and having a significant impact on biological, social, economic and cultural aspects. It was impossible to protect against the epidemic – until the 19th century, medicine did much more damage than we might imagine. Doctors were powerless against diseases, they healed as much as they could, unable to overcome the specter of the coming plague. Is not that also the case today? COVID-19 is not much different from the “epidemics” that hit our country in previous centuries. Both in the past and today, there is no cure for the disease that prevails today, only to treat its external symptoms. The juxtaposition of some of the largest in the history of the world right now, and comparing them to the COVID-19 raging since autumn 2019 shows us that with the medicine of that time, we are not threatened with such depopulation of the world as it used to be ... to our heritage, look at the works on the plagues to learn from them for the future. The article cites historical and literary sources, as well as older or newer studies, showing how much evil epidemics once caused, how people tried to protect against them, and if the threat appeared in their area, how it was fought.
epidemy black death COVID-19 medicine disease эпидемия covid
Someone Did Not Close the Jar – A Picture of a Pandemic in Modern Russian Literature
Mankind has survived many plagues. Advances in science, including medicine and pharmacy, have resulted in many once deadly diseases elimination. Before this happened, the plagues had decimated the countryside and cities. Even the richest and most influential citizens were unable to protect themselves and their relatives from inevitable death. Lying at the junction of Europe and Asia, Russia also was plagued by epidemics, which found artistic reflection in art and literature. The topic of the pandemic remains relevant. There will probably be many more of its literary versions. The article is only a contribution to deeper literary research and analysis. Each of the mentioned authors paints the portrait of “plague” from a different perspective, which makes the topic more interesting, multifaceted, and also testifies to the wide scale of the phenomenon and its impact on contemporary Russian literature. Over time, the list of appeals will be expanded, but today these seem to be the most representative.
pandemic virus literature plague writer death disease пандемия вирус
The Power of Poetry
The article focuses on the New Wave of Chinese poets who were born in the 1970s and are considered a new generation of poets in China, based on their groundbreaking ideas and activities. The author discusses a wellknown poet, Huang Lihai, whose research touch on various matters from the concept of nationality to the idea of gender and poetics. He also presented a whole new perspective on the world of poetry and education. On the International Prize for Poetry – “Poetry and Man” which goal is to discover and promote poets who have for many years dedicated themselves to creating outstanding and the purest form of poetry. Another aim of the prize is to encourage more people to dive into the spirit of this artistic field. It was another step toward the awakening and enrichment of reflection on the man’s thought and spirit. There is also a strong Polish element connected to the Polish poet Adam Zagajewski, who spent one week in China in March 2014. He had previously visited Taiwan and Hong Kong, but it was the city of Canton that became the most important stage of his journey, because the awards ceremony of the 9th edition of the International Prize for Poetry was held there. Zagajewski won the prize that year. He was acknowledged as an eminent and internationally respected poet, being praised by many important authors such as Miłosz, Brodski, and Susan Sontag. The poet was born in June 1945 in the so-called Eastern Galicia, a region that used to belong to Poland. At that time, it was becoming a part of the Soviet Union and is Ukrainian today. His family returned to Poland. He started occupying himself with work of poet in the 1960s and 1970s, becoming a prominent representative of the “New Wave” generation of Polish poets. As for today, he published many anthologies of poetry and prose essays. Discovering his works has become a new challenge for the new generation of Chinese poets.
поэзия poetry Chinese poets Polish poets Prize for Poetry new generation new challenge
Righteousness (Yi), one of the core classical Confucian values, has developed to be a hermeneutic concept of “Righteous Principles” (Yiri) in Neo-Confucianism. This term has been used as the embodiment of righteousness and rational principles (Yiriron). All the major political events during the Joseon dynasty were the target to verify its legitimacy through the prism of the Yiri from the foundation of the dynasty, through king Sejo’s accession, Sarimpa’s domination, and international relationship, to the Righteous Armies in a historical context. These events had closely cooperated with Joseon literati’s spirits (Seonbi Jeongsin) which practiced a strict Code of Conduct to pursue a high standard of Neo-Confucian gentlemanship. This article focuses on the historical processes of Joseon Literati’s Fidelity in the socio-political realities.
Neo-Confucianism Joseon dynasty Korean philosophy Yiri Seonbi theory of Fidelity неоконфуцианство
Natural Medicine and Catholic Church – Comments and Biopolitical Remarks
Currently, we observe a significant increase in interest in Eastern practices in the West, including natural medicine. In this context, it is important that in 1979 the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized Ayurveda as the oldest health-care system. Ayurveda has also become an object of interest of the Catholic Church. The article examines the institutions’ attitude toward Ayurveda and determines the nature of doubts and reservations that arise around it. To this end, an analysis of the document of the Pontifical Council of Culture – The Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue Jesus Christ the Giver of the Water of Life. Christian reflection on the New Age was carried out. Subsequently, the statements of selected representatives of the Catholic Church were included in the analysis. The following hypothesis has been verified: the Catholic Church’s doubts and objections to Ayurveda are of biopolitical nature. Based on the analysis of the document, it can be concluded that Catholic Church treats and interprets Ayurveda activities as biopolitical practices.
Ayurveda catholic church biopolitics Eastern practices natural medicine аюрведа
Adaptation of the Polish Defense Industry to Changes in Defense Doctrines of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The aim of the article is to analyze the adaptation of the Polish defense industry to changes in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s defense doctrines. On March 12, 2020, it was 21 years of Poland’s membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The membership in the Alliance has undoubtedly contributed to the transformation of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland and infrastructure investments in the country’s defense base. However, it should be stated that the possibilities related to the offset liabilities have not been used fully.
defense industry North Atlantic Treaty Organization defense doctrines transformation Poland оборонное производство Польша
1st Polish Rifle Regiment in France During the Great War
The article presents a fragment of the history of the 1st Polish Rifle Regiment, the first independent unit that was a part of the Polish Army in France (also known as the Blue Army or the Army of General Józef Haller). The unit was organized in January 1918 and the only Polish formation of Blue Army of that period that participated in the final stages of the Great War on the Western Front. The paper’s chronological scope covers the period from the formation of the regiment in January 1918 to the end of the war in November 1918. The 1st Polish Rifle Regiment together with the Polish Army in France provided enormous support for the Polish Army during the Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Soviet wars. The article is divided into parts corresponding to the various stages of regiment’s service in France during the Great War – formation and training, stay at the front in Champagne, joining the 1st Polish Rifle Division, and filling a section of the front in the Vosges. The paper is based on primary sources available in the Central Military Archives in Warsaw, the Archives of Modern Records, memories and diaries, and French regulations and their Polish translations. Critical analysis method was used to analyze the sources.
1st Polish Rifle Regiment Polish Army in France Blue Army Polish Army First World War 1-й Полк Польских Стрелков Польская Армия во Франции
© 2017 Adam Marszałek Publishing House. All rights reserved.
Projekt i wykonanie Pollyart