Nr 2(26)

Reforma systemu bezpieczeństwa narodowego ChRL

  • Author: Adam Paweł Olechowski
  • Institution: Wyższa Szkoła Stosunków Międzynarodowych i Amerykanistyki w Warszawie
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4331-8428
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 7-19
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023201
  • PDF: so/26/so2601.pdf

The Reform of the Chinese State Security System

With Xi Jinping’s assumption of power in China, large-scale reforms of the entire state system have begun in this country, especially those related to broadly understood security. The aim is to improve the functioning of the Chinese state in the 21st century and ensure its position as a world leader. It is also important that in the reform of the national security system, the Chinese state leadership paid attention not only to this system’s basic elements, i.e., the army and the police, but also to the rule of law and social and environmental security. Such a broad approach to the issue of national security proves strategic thinking as well as understanding and considering the processes taking place in the contemporary world.

reform strategy Китай Policy security China

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Польско-турецкие отношения: генезис, история развития, состояние на современном этапе

  • Author: Ahmet Burak
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1894-5948
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 20-30
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023202
  • PDF: so/26/so2602.pdf

Polish-Turkish Relations: Genesis, History of Development, and State at the Present Stage

Türkiye and Poland are located in different geopolitical areas, so ideological and social factors strongly impede political dialogue between them. Turkish Polish relations have a long history. In 2014, both countries celebrated the 600th anniversary of diplomatic relations. Despite numerous conflicts in history, both states have consistently made efforts to maintain and improve mutual relations. Currently, in the language of diplomacy, bilateral relations between states are still friendly. The paper’s author demonstrates whether they can really be defined as such.

Türkiye relations Турция Russia Poland the European Union

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Two Repousse Icons Preserved in the Golden Fund of Shalva Amiranashvili Museum of Fine Arts – Eustace Placida with a Hunting Scene and the Image of Infantry Placida (Dating and Iconographic Features)

  • Author: Nino Goderdzishvili
  • Institution: Georgian National Museum, Georgia
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1294-0422
  • Author: Nato Gengiuri
  • Institution: Shota Rustaveli Theater and Film Georgia State University
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 31-59
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023203
  • PDF: so/26/so2603.pdf

Hunting scene of St. Eustace and related storylines hold an important place in the Christian art of the middle centuries. We find this theme, in various forms and interpretations, in almost every century from V to XVIII. It is found in monumental paintings, as well as in stone carving and metalwork. The article presents a study on two repousse icons kept in the Golden Fund of Shalva Amiranashvili Museum of Fine Arts: Plate of Saint Eustace with doors, with a hunting scene of Eustace Placida (Q. 747) and plate with Infantry Placida (Tf. 60). The aim of the work is the dating of unexplored repousse icons, artistic-stylistic analysis of the iconographic scheme, and Clarifying the issue of the origin of Tf. 60. On both icons, the inscription identifies the Saint: “წა ე (ვ)სტატი”. It provides important information for dating the icon. From a paleographic point of view, the icon’s inscription should belong to the late Middle Ages, approximately XVI-XVII centuries. It is worth noting that both inscriptions are made with one hand. The overall content context, stylistic solution, and paleographic analysis speak of a single origin. Based on the paleographic analysis, the study of the iconographic scheme and artisticstylistic features, according to our assumption, the plate of Saint Eustace with doors, with a hunting scene of Eustace Placida (Q. 747) and plate with Infantry Placida (Tf. 60) date back to the XVI–XVII centuries.

symbolism icons иконография Medieval Art Iconography dating

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The Grand Strategy of President Ilham Aliyev as the Foreign Policy Foundation of Azerbaijan’s Victory in the Second Karabakh War

  • Author: Aygun Famil Akbarova
  • Institution: Baku Slavic University, Azerbaijan
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8517-3637
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 60-71
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023204
  • PDF: so/26/so2604.pdf

The growing geopolitical dynamics in the South Caucasus and the Caspian Black Sea basin region and the role of Azerbaijan as an undisputed regional leader in this space appear to be an urgent trend in international relations. Azerbaijan is not a member of either NATO or the CSTO, fighting for leadership in this region. But at the same time, Azerbaijan is successfully developing bilateral and multilateral relations with the participating states of these military-political alliances. Armenia, as a member of the CSTO, and Georgia, which has officially included the goal of joining NATO in the Basic Laws of their country, to a certain extent, can produce a degree of inter-bloc competition to solve their own problems. Azerbaijan can objectively reduce the risks of geopolitical tension in the region by promoting a peaceful cooperation agenda through inter-block communication. Under the leadership of the President of Azerbaijan, Supreme Commander-in-Chief Ilham Aliyev, Azerbaijan was the first in the post-Soviet space to resolve an interstate conflict within the framework of international law. Systemic and structural-functional methods are used in the geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic analysis of the role of Azerbaijan in the studied region, the development and implementation of the Grand Strategy of President Ilham Aliyev and the main directions of national geoengineering at the present stage of development of Azerbaijan. The comparative method is used to analyse the main trends in international relations based on the study of international, international legal, and foreign documents and materials.

Южный Кавказ Second Karabakh War geopolitical tension South Caucasus grand strategy Azerbaijan

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On the History of the Population and Territorial Issues of the Gazakh Region of Azerbaijan

  • Author: Jamal M. Mustafayev
  • Institution: Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Azerbaijan
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5922-2642
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 72-82
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023205
  • PDF: so/26/so2605.pdf

The Gazakh region, located in the basin of Agstafa and Kura rivers in the northwest of Azerbaijan, was inhabited by the Gazakh tribe, which was part of the Hun tribal union from the first centuries of our era. The greater influx of the Gazakh tribe, which gave its name to the north-western region of Azerbaijan, took place in the XI–XII centuries at the invitation of the Georgian tsars who tried to free themselves from Seljuk dependence. During this period, the Gazakh tribe, which was part of the large Kipchak tribal union, lived in a part of the Kuban steppes. That area was called ‘Gazakhia’ after the name of the Gazakh tribe. Tens of thousands of Gazakhs who came to the South Caucasus at the invitation of the Georgian tsars settled in Georgia and converted to Christianity, while the other part began to live in the present-day Gazakh and Borchali regions. The Gazakhs living in the latter areas have preserved their national identity by mixing with their compatriots since the early Middle Ages. The Gazakh region, a part of the Safavid province with the status of a county, came under the influence of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom in the second half of the XVIII century. During this period, a large part of the Gazakh tribe, who did not want to live under the rule of the Georgian tsars, moved to Ganja, Karabakh, Iravan khanates and the eastern provinces of Turkey.

county sanjak Kipchak Hun tribe Gazakh population Азербайджан region Azerbaijan

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How is the Rani of Jhansi Memorised in the History of the Nineteenth-Century India? Selection of Historical Accounts

  • Author: Agnieszka Tomczyk
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Warszawski, Polska
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-5130
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 83-104
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023206
  • PDF: so/26/so2606.pdf

The article examines the visual sources and historical first-hand accounts depicting Rani Lakshmi Bai, the queen of the princely state of Jhansi, who became a symbol of Indian resistance against British rule during the 1857–1858 struggle for freedom. The study covers the colonial period of Indian history. The paper’s main argument is that there are differences in the representation of Rani by British and Indian authors. Within their narratives, Indian writers favourably present the queen, while the British tend to show her less flattering portrayal. Concentrating on visual sources, the study analyses Rani’s figure by looking at two stages of her life: the youth and the time of the revolt. The article also focuses on the queen’s image in the contemporary political discourse. The paper is based on a qualitative approach emphasising historical perspective. Therefore, it analyses the printed materials, including archival primary sources. Based on a postcolonial literature review, the use of British and Indian sources is comparative.

Рани visual and print primary sources revolt of 1857–1858 Rani of Jhansi India

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History Issues of Japan in Politics and Education

  • Author: Paulina Rogoziecka
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Łódzki, Poland
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-4741
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 105-119
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023207
  • PDF: so/26/so2607.pdf

Many scholars have researched Japan’s historical issues, connected to politics and education. Nevertheless, they mostly studied one issue from one perspective, such as international law or human rights. As a part of ongoing doctoral thesis research, this paper aims to discern if and how the historical issues and the Japanese government’s stance on those issues changed between 1982 and 2022 and interacted with each other. By comparing official statements with textbook contents on historical issues, the connection between them can bring a fuller understanding of Japan’s historical policy as a system. This paper hypothesises that history politics indirectly influences education policies and textbook writing. At this stage of research, it can be concluded that there are numerous historical issues recognised as such by Japan, but recognition has been an effect of other actors’ claims. Various actors have made those claims at opportune times, using history as a tool. Nonetheless, policy and statements by politicians and overall discernible history politics, such as counterclaims on particular issues, seem to have at least some correlation with the contents of textbooks. Further research into those connections may better understand Japan’s history politics as a system and how they influence history education.

политика памяти history issues memory politics history politics history textbooks Japan

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Wpływ dziedzictwa starożytnej Baktrii na rozwój gospodarczy i społeczny Tadżykistanu

  • Author: Natasza Duraj
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Łódzki, Polska
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0796-6620
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 120-135
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023208
  • PDF: so/26/so2608.pdf

Influence of the Ancient Bactria’s Legacy on the Economic and Social Development of Tajikistan

The article’s main goal is to present the influence of ancient Bactria’s legacy on the economic and social development of Tajikistan. The paper provides information about the ancient Bactria’s history – the country where early urban planning traditions and statehood foundations were formed in Central Asia. Bactria included the central, southern, and eastern parts of Tajikistan. In the 6th Century B.C. Bactria was conquered by the Persian king Cyrus and became part of his Achaemenid empire. From the 4th Century B.C. Bactria became known as Tokharistan. It was the moment when the Tajik nationality began to form.

Tajiks Bactrians Tokharistan Bactria Средняя Азия social development economic development Tajikistan Central Asia

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Sprawozdanie z Seminarium „Nowej Polityki Wschodniej” pt. „Ruchy migracyjne na świecie w XXI wieku: prognozy i wyzwania”, Toruń, 18 maja 2022 roku

  • Author: Kamil Pietrasik
  • Institution: Towarzystwo Azji i Pacyfiku, Polska
  • ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-0659
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 139-142
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023209
  • PDF: so/26/so2609.pdf

Report of the „Nowa Polityka Wschodnia” (“New Eastern Policy”) Seminar „Migration Movements in the World in the XXIst Century: Forecasts and Challenges”, Toruń, May 18, 2022

sprawozdanie

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Michalina Majewska, Śmierć w imię cesarza. Zbrodnie japońskie w latach 1937–1945 [Death in the Name of the Emperor. Japanese Crimes Between 1937 and 1945 / Смерть во имя императора. Преступления Японии в период с 1937 по 1945 год], Wydawnictwo Adam Marsza

  • Author: Lech Wyszczelski
  • Institution: Emerytowany profesor zwyczajny byłej Akademii Obrony Narodowej w Warszawie i Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach, Polska
  • Year of publication: 2023
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 145-150
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2023210
  • PDF: so/26/so2610.pdf

Death in the Name of the Emperor. Japanese Crimes Between 1937 and 1945

recenzja Review

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