2012

Spis treści

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-14
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: so/2/so2toc.pdf

Od Redaktora

  • Author: The Editors - Redakcja
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 15-16
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: so/2/so200.pdf

Ministerialne Sesje Rady Państw Morza Bałtyckiego. Część II: 1999–2006

  • Author: Jacek Sobczak
  • Institution: Szkoła Wyższa Psychologii Społecznej w Warszawie
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 17-42
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012201
  • PDF: so/2/so201.pdf

Ministerial Sessions of the Council of the Baltic Sea States. Part I: 1999–2006

The second part of the discussions concerning the Ministerial Sessions of the Baltic Sea States deals with the meetings of ministers which were held between 1999 and 2005. The course of the sessions and the decisions made in Palanga (1999), Bergen (2000), Hamburg (2001), Svetlogorsk (2002), Pori (2003), and Szczecin (2005) were discussed. Attention was paid to political, economic, and cultural issues, as well as to the subject of safety brought up during the debate. The role that the Russian Federation tried to play during these sessions was stressed. The Russian side made attempts to exploit the sessions for the protection of the rights of Russian-speaking population in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, and to use the sessions as the convenient international stage for accusing those states of violating human rights. The measures taken by Russia were not successful. As it seems, that failure was mainly caused by the fact that the Russians themselves ran short of determination in their attempts at reaching the aforementioned goals.

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Современное международно-правовое регулирование внешних миграционных потоков (на примере Кыргызской Республики И Российской Федерации)

  • Author: Тажимамат Т. Шаболотов (Tażimamat T. Szabołotow)
  • Institution: Parlament Republiki Kirgiskiej
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 43-53
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012202
  • PDF: so/2/so202.pdf

Contemporary international law regulations on external migrations (on the example of the Kirghiz Republic and the Russian Federation)

The article is devoted to the issues of regulating contemporary migration processes in accordance with the international law protection of migrant workers, identifying socio-economic and geopolitical factors that affect migration processes and defining the public policies that regulate foreign migration in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation. The issues of migration law, state regulation of migration processes and priorities for the implementation of state migration policy were considered on the example of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation. Also, the issue of making positive changes in the way migration policy is conducted, both at the level of individual states and in the CIS as a whole, was considered. Taking into account the changing nature of the relations between the CIS member states and the lack of institutional and operational regulations within the CIS in the sphere of migration, recommendations for changes and additions to the mechanisms of international legal regulation of migration were given, exploring the question of establishing a regional international organization for migration and development of new strategies, approaches and mechanisms to be implemented in the regulation of the migration process. To conclude, the analysis proves that the current migration situation in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation is negatively affecting national security and the economic, social, and demographic development of these countries, thus confirming the need to develop an objective framework for regulating migration processes.

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Z Kazachstanu nad Morze Czerwone. Sacha Baron Cohen poza marginesem poprawności politycznej

  • Author: Jarosław Wojtas
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 54-67
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012203
  • PDF: so/2/so203.pdf

From Kazakhstan to the Red Sea. Sacha Baron Cohen outside the margin of political correctness

The main issue of the article is the analysis of the films by Sasha Baron Cohen in the context of political correctness. The fictional characters created by the director have their counterparts in the real world, but those counterparts are usually forced out of the public debate due to their controversial nature. Distance is created by Cohen with the use of comedy, which is the least serious film genre. He does not moralise; instead, he exposes attitudes which still exist: chauvinism, racism, and anti-Semitism. His works can be considered influential and, thus, may cause lasting political effects. Cohen proves that art can affect politics. Therefore, his movies can be a subject of both cultural and political studies.

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Pokolenie nieobywatelskie? Analiza zaangażowania politycznego młodzieży z Polski, Rosji i Ukrainy

  • Author: Piotr Długosz
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Jagielloński
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 68-83
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012204
  • PDF: so/2/so204.pdf

Anticivic generation? An analysis of political involvement of the Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian youth

The article presents the results of the European Social Survey on the political involvement of youth aged 16–29 in Poland, Russia and Ukraine. It can be concluded from the observations that the level of political commitment is low among the researched youths. The phase of life and the social status are the decisive factors affecting a young person’s involvement in politics. Working young people with university education are more likely to participate in political life. Additionally, more commitment to political life is demonstrated in people with higher social status. There are also differences between the youth in the analysed countries. In Russia, young people are more interested in politics and show political party preferences. In Ukraine, the youth more frequently participates in the elections. In Poland, young people are present in various civil campaigns.

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Najwyższy Trybunał Ukrainy Radzieckiej

  • Author: Michał Szreffel
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 84-98
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012205
  • PDF: so/2/so205.pdf

The Supreme Court of the Ukrainian SSR

This paper describes one of the law agencies in the Soviet Ukraine, called The Su¬preme Court of the Ukrainian SSR. The analysis of the institution was carried out on the ba¬- sis of Soviet legislation and previously unpublished archival materials. The article describes the origin of the tribunal, its structure, its relationships with other institutions in the USSR, its powers and its procedures. Widely described is the principle of the plenum of this Court. Numerous archival texts regarding the functioning of The Supreme Court of the Ukrainian SSR were analysed.

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Межкультурная коммуникация в модернизации повседневной жизни кыргызского народа в ХIХ веке

  • Author: Светлана Джеенбекова (Swietłana Dżejenbiekowa)
  • Institution: Kirgisko-Rosyjski Uniwersytet w Biszkeku
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 99-112
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012206
  • PDF: so/2/so206.pdf

Cross-cultural communication in the process of modernization of the daily life of the Kyrgyz in the 19th century

This article is devoted to the daily life of the Kyrgyz in the second half of the 19th century and to the processes of modernization, which started when the natives came into contact with the Russian displaced persons. Cross-cultural contacts were strengthened by economic ties, which grew when Kyrgyzstan was incorporated into the Russian Empire. Coexistence of the Kyrgyz and the Russian directly influenced all aspects of the daily life in that country (including agriculture and farming, transport, architecture, commercial dealings, music, etc.).

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Правосудие биев как произведение искусства: 200-летию историко-культурного наследия тлеке би

  • Author: Алмас А. Идрисов (Ałmas A. Idrisow)
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Astana w Kazachstanie
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 113-122
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012207
  • PDF: so/2/so207.pdf

Court of Biys as a work of art: 200 years of historical and cultural legacy of Tleke Biy

This article presents the Court of Biys from an article is unusual and untraditional angle – as a work of art. This article is devoted also to the scientific research of the previously unstudied biography of Tleke Biy, a representative of the golden age of law and justice. This research included the documents from the archives of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Apart from the archival documents, the study also included stories from the oral tradition about this well-known personality, whose fame lasts to the present day

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Nieznane karty wielkiej wojny, czyli z działań bojowych lotnictwa austro-węgierskiego – Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen (K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen) i rosyjskiego w Galicji Wschodniej latem i jesienią 1914 roku

  • Author: Andrzej Olejko
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 123-163
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012208
  • PDF: so/2/so208.pdf

The unknown episodes in the history of the Great War, or the warfare of the Austro-Hungarian air force – Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen (K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen) and the Russian air force in East Galicia in the summer and autumn of 1914

The article present the route of the air operations above East Galicia during the campaign of 1914. It presents the activities of the Russian Air Force and the Main Air Force of the Empire of Austria-Hungary. The article was based on historic documents from the Kriegs Archive in Vienna and it uncovers a variety of unknown facts from the military history of the 20th century. This article sheds a new light on the situation in these two countries, and on the aforementioned episode of World War I (The Great War).

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Wschód w myśli Feliksa Konecznego

  • Author: Bartłomiej Starzec
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 164-180
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012209
  • PDF: so/2/so209.pdf

The East thoughts of Feliks Koneczny

Feliks Koneczny, professor of history, was one of the most interesting Polish thinkers of the first half of the twentieth century. He was born in 1862 in Krakow. He studied history at the Jagiellonian University. He is primarily known as a philosopher of history and the creator of the theory of civilizations. For Koneczny, history is a confrontation between civilizations. He described seven great civilizations: Arabic, Byzantine, Brahminical, Chinese, Latin, Turanian, and Jewish. Their mutual relations are the axis of history. The Byzantine and the Turanian civilizations were particularly expansive, with the West being the main field of their expansion. According to Feliks Koneczny, the East (the Orient) was the birthplace of civilizations that threaten the Latin civilization.

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Husaria pod Smoleńskiem w 1633 roku

  • Author: Radosław Sikora
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 181-190
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012210
  • PDF: so/2/so210.pdf

Polish winged Hussars in the battle of Smoleńsk in 1633

The article Polish winged hussars in the battle of Smoleńsk in 1633 is the first such an extensive description of the involvement of winged hussars in rescuing the city in 1633. It contains a short characteristics of the organization of this cavalry formation and focuses on numerous free servants and wagons supporting these troops. The article presents the huge costs of raising hussar retinues. The author lists all hussar companies which fought at Smoleńsk. According to the author, there were 27 companies, 3790 horses in total. He describes the appearance and the fighting value of winged hussars, pointing out the limitations of this cavalry formation against enemies who were fighting behind different kinds of obstacles. The author lists all military actions which involved winged hussars. There is also an extensive discussion on the logistics of armies, which was the key factor to the outcome of this campaign.

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Chorągiew jazdy hospodara multańskiego (wołoskiego) Konstantego Serbana w wojsku koronnym w latach 1673–1676

  • Author: Zbigniew Hundert
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 191-210
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012211
  • PDF: so/2/so211.pdf

The cavalry regiment of the Multanese (Wallach) Hospodar Constantin Şerban in the Polish Army in the years 1673–1676

In 1673 Constantin Şerban formed a banner (military unit, company) of light-cavalry in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the purpose of waging war against Turkey. The banner followed the Wallachian model of service. The unit’s founder was the Hospodar (ruler) of Wallachia from the period 1654-1658. Since 1661 he has been living in political exile in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The banner he had formed was a part of the Polish (Crown) army establishment until 1676, when it was disbanded. The banner’s actual commander was Florian Dobrzelewski, a nobleman from Sieradz. The Hospodar’s cavalry banner fought in the battle of Chocim in November 10–11, 1673, after which it was transformed into a unit of heavy cavalry on the orders of the Grand Crown Hetman, Jan Sobieski. This transformation entailed an obligation to raise the standard of equipment and to increase the soldiers’ quarterly pay from 31 to 41 Zlotys. At the turn of the years 1673 and 1674 the unit fought alongside the corps of Mikolaj Hieronim Sieniawski in Moldova. Along with its rittmeister Constantin, the unit also took part in the autumn-winter military campaign of 1674–1675. In 1676 the unit was obligatorily equipped with lances, like other banners of heavy cavalry. Afterwards, it became a part of the Michal Zbrozek’s group. Next, the unit found itself in the composition of the crew of Stanislawow, where it took part in the successful defense of this fortress against the main Turkish forces in September. The banner’s size regulated by the letter of recruitment should have amounted to 100 horses. In fact, however, it was far from that number, having no more than 30 people shortly before its disbandment. The unit was composed of the residents of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Some of them can be identified as members of the Podolian nobility

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Sprawozdanie dotyczące organizacji i przebiegu obrad V Międzynarodowego Sympozjum Dziejów Biurokracji, Toruń–Włocławek, 21–24 czerwca 2012 roku

  • Author: Zbigniew Naworski
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 211-214
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012212
  • PDF: so/2/so212.pdf

Report on the organization and course of the Fifth International Symposium on The History of Bureaucracy, Toruń–Włocławek, June 21–24, 2012

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Sprawozdanie z międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej „Ustrój terytorialny państwa a decentralizacja systemu władzy publicznej”, Toruń, 14 maja 2012 roku w Toruniu

  • Author: Judyta Węgłowska
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 215-217
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012213
  • PDF: so/2/so213.pdf

Report from the international academic conference ‘Ustrój terytorialny państwa a decentralizacja systemu władzy publicznej’ [The territorial system of a state and the decentralization of the public authority system], Toruń, May 14, 2012 .

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Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa „Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w XXI wieku. Tożsamość. Polityka. Społeczeństwo”, Toruń, 9 maja 2011 roku

  • Author: Jarosław Wojtas
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
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  • Pages: 218-221
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012214
  • PDF: so/2/so214.pdf

International Academic Conference ‘Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w XXI wieku. Tożsamość. Polityka. Społeczeństwo’ [East-Central Europe in the 21st century. Identity. Politics. Society], Toruń, May 9, 2011

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Polska–Rosja – nowe horyzonty Warszawa–Podkowa Leśna, 17–18 października 2012 roku (na materiale konferencji poświęconej jaśniejszym możliwościom polsko-rosyjskiego sąsiedztwa)

  • Author: Wiesława Olbrych
  • Institution: Instytut Slawistyki PAN
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 222-238
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012215
  • PDF: so/2/so215.pdf

‘Polska-Rosja, nowe horyzonty’ [Poland-Russia, new horizons], Warsaw-Podkowa Leśna, October 17–18, 2012

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Iwan Jarosławowicz Terliuk, Icторiя держави i права України (Historia państwa i prawa Ukrainy), Мiнiстерство Внутрiшнх Справ України, Львiвский Державний Унiверситет Внутрiшних Справ, Київ, Atika 2011, ss. 944

  • Author: Michał Szreffel
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
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  • Pages: 242-246
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012217
  • PDF: so/2/so217.pdf

Iwan Jarosławowicz Terliuk „Icторiя держави i права України” [The history of the Ukrainian state and law], Мiнiстерство Внутрiшнх Справ України, Львiвский Державний Унiверситет Внутрiшних Справ, Київ, Atika 2011, pp. 944

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Siergiej Łozuńko, Urodliwoje dietiszcze Wiersalja” iz-za kotorogo proizoszła Wtoraja mirowaja wojna, Eżenjeknik „2000”. Izlatielctwo „Diwira”, Kiew 2011, ss. 431

  • Author: Lech Wyszczelski
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
  • Year of publication: 2012
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  • Pages: 246-251
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012218
  • PDF: so/2/so218.pdf

Siergiej Łozuńko, „»Urodliwoje dietiszcze Wiersalja« iz-za kotorogo proizoszła Wtoraja mirowaja wojna”, Kiew, Eżenjeknik 2000, Izlatielctwo Diwira 2011, pp. 431

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Irvin Cemil Schick, Seksualność Orientu. Przestrzeń i Eros, Oficyna Naukowa, Warszawa 2012, ss. 338

  • Author: Jarosław Wojtas
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 251-254
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012219
  • PDF: so/2/so219.pdf

Irvin Cemil Schick, „Seksualność Orientu. Przestrzeń i Eros”, (The Erotic Margin. Sexuality and Spatiality in Alteristic Discourse), Oficyna Naukowa, Warsaw 2012, pp. 338

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Grażyna Charytoniuk-Michiej, Obrzęd dziadów w dokumentach i w cyklu Mickiewicza, Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, Warszawa 2011, ss. 298 + VIII

  • Author: Andrzej Chodubski
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Gdański, Gdańska Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 254-260
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012220
  • PDF: so/2/so220.pdf

Grażyna Charytoniuk-Michiej, „Obrzęd dziadów w dokumentach i w cyklu Mickiewicza” [The rite of Dziady in the documents and in the works by Adam Mickiewicz], Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, Warsaw 2011, pp. 298 + VIII

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Roger Crowley, Morskie imperia. Batalia o panowanie na Morzu Śródziemnym 1521–1580, Wydawnictwo Rebis, Poznań 2012, ss. 403

  • Author: Maciej Franz
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 261-264
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012221
  • PDF: so/2/so221.pdf

Roger Crowley, „Morskie imperia. Batalia o panowanie na Morzu Śródziemnym 1521–1580” (Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean), 1521–1580, Rebis, Poznań 2012, pp. 403

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Spis treści

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-11
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: so/1/so1toc.pdf

Od Redaktora

  • Author: The Editors - Redakcja
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 13-15
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: so/1/so100.pdf

Partnerstwo Wschodnie jako ukoronowanie polskich starań o utworzenie Wschodniego Wymiaru UE

  • Author: Lucyna Czechowska
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 17-36
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012101
  • PDF: so/1/so101.pdf

The Eastern Partnership as the crowning achievement of Polish efforts to establish the Eastern Dimension of the EU policy

The aim of the article is to analyse Polish aspirations to create Eastern Dimension of the EU, which has finally succeed in May 2009, when the Eastern Partnership was inaugurated. The author presents Polish proposals addressed to Brussels between 1998 and 2008 (The Eastern policy of the European Union in the enlargement perspective – Polish side of view 2001; non-paper Wider Europe 2003; The New Neighbours – a framework for relations. Proposals from Poland 2003; The Neighbourhood Instrument – the Polish standpoint 2003; the European Neighbourhood Policy – Eastern Dimension 2006; Polish-Swedish Proposal. Eastern Partnership 2008). Then, compares its content with actual solutions adopted by the European Union in a form of the European Commission Communications (Wider Europe III 2003; European Neighbourhood Policy V 2004; Commission proposal for a Regulation establishing a European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument X 2004; On strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy XII 2006; A Strong European Neighbourhood Policy XII 2007; Eastern Partnership XII 2008).

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Ukraina w Europejskiej Polityce Sąsiedztwa Unii Europejskiej i inicjatywie Partnerstwa Wschodniego

  • Author: Ewa Kaja-Pilas
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Year of publication: 2012
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  • Pages: 37-59
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012102
  • PDF: so/1/so102.pdf

Ukraine in the European Union’s Neighbourhood Policy and the Eastern Partnership initiative

The aim of this paper is an attempt to show the place of Ukraine in the European Union’s foreign policy, with particular emphasis on its position in the European Neighbourhood Policy and Eastern Partnership. The paper focuses on the general approach of these two initiatives, presents the responses of Ukraine to their announcement by the European Union and shows Ukraine’s place in both initiatives. moreover, has been described Ukrainian-EU dialogue on the establishment of Free Trade Zone, a dialogue on visa facilitation and cooperation of the European Union and Ukraine in the field of foreign policy, security and defense.

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Ministerialne Sesje Rady Państw Morza Bałtyckiego. Część I: 1992–1998

  • Author: Jacek Sobczak
  • Institution: Szkoła Wyższa Psychologii Społecznej w Warszawie
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 60-91
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012103
  • PDF: so/1/so103.pdf

Ministerial Sessions of the Council of the Baltic Sea States. Part I: 1992–1998

The cooperation of the Council of the Baltic Sea States, which was established on 5–6 March 1992, to a large extent is based on the activity of various international, local, governmental and non-governmental organisations that function in the Member States to the CBSS. Annual Ministerial Sessions and Summits serve the purpose of maintaining relations of the states in the region and help to create a foundation for cooperation. As it was proved in practice, the sessions are also a forum for discussion for the EU Member States and a place where common goals and approaches to economic and political challenges are identified. The course of the sessions proves that the implementation of the Copenhagen Declaration of 1992, which was at the foundation of CBSS, has furthered understanding and trust between the states in the region. The documents passed at the end of each Ministerial Session provide political guidance for broadening cooperation between the Member States of the Council.

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Co dalej z Mińskiem? Białoruś w polityce Federacji Rosyjskiej po 2000 roku

  • Author: Marcela Gruszczyk
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach
  • Year of publication: 2012
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  • Pages: 92-110
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012104
  • PDF: so/1/so104.pdf

What about Minsk? Belarus in the policy of the Russian Federation after the year 2000

Belarus plays a crucial role in Russian Federation’s foreign policy. It results from Belarus’ geopolitical, militant and transit significance for Russia. Forming the commonwealth between these two countries was the most advanced unification process in the last decade of the 20th century among the post-soviet states. However the change in Russia’s attitude towards the bilateral relations could be noticed when Vladimir Putin was elected to the fist presidency in 2000. In reaction to the numerous strict disagreements regarding the integration plan proposed by Russia, authorities in Moscow decided to put a pressure on the most vulnerable to attack part of backward Belarusian economy – low oil and gas prices – which allowed it to develop despite the internal difficulties. The rise in oil and gas prices at the turn of 2006–2007 led to a serious recession in bilateral relations between Russia and Belarus. Moscow’s decision to increase the prices had a huge negative impact on Belarusian economy. Further exacerbation of Russian tight pricing policy towards Belarus was established in 2010. What are the prospects for the future? Russia is definitely not going to abandon the plans for Belarus. Therefore Alexander Lukashenko is going to face a choice between Russian support (leading to greater dependence on Moscow) and resumption of the difficult dialogue with the West (resulting in changing the attitude towards the opposition).

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К вопросу о формировании и развитии антропологии религии в Кыргызстане

  • Author: Иpинa Г. Балашова (Irina G. Bałaszowa)
  • Institution: Kirgisko Rosyjski Uniwersytet Słowiański
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 111-122
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012105
  • PDF: so/1/so105.pdf

The Origins and Development of the Anthropology of Religion in Kyrgyzstan

The article describes in a concise manner the origin and development of anthropology of religion in the global scale and its beginnings in Kyrgyzstan. Three periods of Kyrgyzstan’s history are represented in the research: the pre-revolution era, the Soviet and the contemporary times. An emphasis was put on the unique challenges that each of these periods poses to religious studies. The article analyses one of the major aspects of anthropology of religion – searching for cultural relics of the ancient cults in the contemporary religious trends. The author presents the research methodology that was used while studying religious cults in Kyrgyzstan in the framework of anthropology of religion. The relevance of this paper lies in the fact that interdisciplinary anthropological research on the variety of religious life in different historical periods helps to better understand the history of the peoples of the Kyrgyzstan and their cooperation, as well as to identify the moral values and ideological framework for the contemporary society of Kyrgyzstan.

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Mniejszość polska i jej pozycja w strukturze narodowościowej Ukrainy

  • Author: Michał Gołoś
  • Institution: Wyższa Szkoła Stosunków Międzynarodowych i Komunikacji Społecznej w Chełmie
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 123-146
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012106
  • PDF: so/1/so106.pdf

Polish minority and their position in the ethnic structure of Ukraine

The subject of the paper titled: “Polish minority and its position in the Ukrainian national structure” is aimed at showing – mainly the quantity- the position of Polish minority in Ukraine against other nationalities constituting the contemporary Ukrainian nation. A particular attention has been paid to the diminishing tendency among people, who declare Polish identity – out of 363 000 in 1959, up to 220 000 in 1989. This phenomenon deserves to be particularly emphasized, because other nationalities – apart from the Jews, whose number decreased even more than the Poles – increased their population or it remained on the same level. The Polish political transformation in 1989 influenced the level of its citizens’ national identity, who were in “Identical trance. The situation is completely different in Ukraine. In 1989 about 220 000 of Ukrainian citizens declared Polish nationality and the number decreased during the next two years. This alarming situation signalizes the irreversible process happening in Ukraine, lower and lower number of nationals believes that there is no use in maintaining Polish nationality.

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System prasowy Estonii

  • Author: Ksenia Kakareko
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 147-169
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012107
  • PDF: so/1/so107.pdf

Estonian press market

The political and economic transformation in Estonia after 1991 have contributed to a development of the press market. Unfortunately, in the mid 1990s this market slumped as a result of various barriers: capital, infrastructural, staffing-related, and resulting from poor adaptation to the newly introduced market economy. Another major factor was a lack of adequately educated journalists and financial problems. However, despite a decrease in newspaper readership, the transformation did not result in mass bankruptcies of publishing houses and closing down titles. Since the mid 1990s, newspapers have to contend with the electronic media. The rapid development of the Internet, the newly established radio and TV channels and a growing number of satellite receivers are all strong adversaries of the traditional press. German and Scandinavian capital was introduced to the Estonian press market. Moreover, there was a shift of perspective regarding the role of the journalists in the society

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Źródła konfliktu litewsko-polskiego

  • Author: Maciej Szczurowski
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Gdański
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 170-191
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012108
  • PDF: so/1/so108.pdf

The sources of Polish-Lithuanian conflict

Since 1918, when both Poland and Lithania regained their independence, the relations between the two countries have been difficult. This article is devoted to an analysis of the sources of the problem. Firstly, the article describes the influence of geopolitical and cultural factors on the relations between the two states, focusing especially on their dissimilarities. To simplify the problem, whereas the roots of Polish culture are grounded in the values, which were brought to the Polish soil by the Catholic Church and West European societies, the Lithuanian culture derives from elements of Byzathine culture, the heritage of Ruthenian and Asian tribes and the remains of the Baltic culture. An important, or perhaps even the most significant, contribution to Lithuanian culture was made by Poland. Secondly, the article analyses the causes for bad relations between the countries during the interwar period. The main source and the symbol of the conflict was Vilnius. Before and in the beginning of the war between Germany and Poland, Lithuania remained neutral, according to the declarations made beforehand. However, when the Soviet Russia invaded Poland, the Lithuanian government took actions that de iure caused Lithuania to lose its neutral stance. During the World War II, the bone of contention – Vilnius – was under occupation for five times subsequently, and, as a result, the relations between the Polish and the Lithuanian became extremely bad. Moreover, after the war the Soviet government used those differences as a tool for realising political goals in dealings with both the Polish nationals living in Lithuania and the Lithuanian. After Lithuania regained independence, the status of the Polish minority in Lithuania was at the core of the conflict. The Lithuanian continue to highlight conflict situations, which rarely ore based on true problems, while at the same time blaming Poland for all of the disputable matters, and imparting historical context on every controversy.

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Sądownictwo powszechne w Rosyjskiej Federacyjnej Republice Radzieckiej lat 1917–1922

  • Author: Michał Szreffel
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 192-206
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012109
  • PDF: so/1/so109.pdf

System of common courts in Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1917–1922

Article is focused on first years of functioning common courts of law in RSFSR. Is said also about evolution first courts. Article describes the law acts which are fundamental for evolution administration of justice to take into account of decrets of justice no1, 2 and 3. Beside this, in text we can find the charateristic of the political situation in Russia which accompanying start the bolshevick law. Article treat about views Lenin and Stuczka. The most impotrant is the structure of common courts of law, bench in a given case and his reform.

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Репрессивная политика советского государства в Казахстане в 1920–1930-е годы

  • Author: Зaypecx Г. Сактаганова (Zauresz G. Saktaganowa)
  • Institution: Uniwersytet im. E.A. Bukietowa w Karagandzie
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 207-220
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012110
  • PDF: so/1/so110.pdf

Soviet State’s Oppressive Politics in Kazakhstan in years 1920–1930

The punitive measures employed by the Soviet authorities were primarily used to create a system of society management based on fear. Furthermore, repressions in the USSR were one of the main methods employed in the power struggle and they allowed to resettle thousands of people to scarcely populated regions of Russia without additional cost, expanding the system of corrective labour camps, which in turn provided non-paid workers for the realisation of massive social and economic endavours. Repressions in Kazakhstan were introduced in stages, following the main directions of the social, economic and national policy of the communist party and the state. An analysis of the repressive policy under the Soviet regime reveals 9 stages of wide-scale repressions in Kazakhstan. As a result of the “Bolshevik genocide”, Kazakhstan was deprived of its national political, cultural, scientific, technical and engineering elites as well as of the affluent peasantry – the most creative and independently thinking part of the society. Between the late 1930s and the mid 1940s deported to Kazakhstan were members of various nations: the Koreans, the Polish, the Germans, the Chechens, the Ingush, the Crimean Tatars, the Meskhet Turks, etc. The scale of resettlement was unprecedented even in the USSR. In one day hundreds of people were displaced from their settlements on a basis of vague charges; tens of thousands of them died during the resettlement. Common for all the stages of repressions are several key moments. Most often subject to repression were the most outstanding people, ones endowed with initiative, having their own position and capable of defending their point of view. The ideological framework for the program of repressive actions were the words of V. Lenin about “the Red Terror as a response to White Terror” and later the theory of J. Stalin on the class struggle exacerbating with the progress of the socialist society, which needed to be fuelled with the presence of a factual “enemy presence.” It is impossible now to find a scholar that would be able to estimate the number of victims of the political repression in Kazakhstan. A conclusion based on the archival sources points to the fact that the repressions were not only conducted on a mass scale, but also that they were methodically planned.

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Władysław Studnicki i pokolenie niepodległościowe

  • Author: Konrad W. Studnicki-Gizbert
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 221-245
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012111
  • PDF: so/1/so111.pdf

Władysław Studnicki and the independence generation

Polish “generation of independence fighters” became politically active during the last year of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, a period of rapid social, political and ideological changes. Władysław Studnicki belonged to this generation. His origin from old Polish Borderlands and family upbringing explains his belief that a recovery of Polish independence should be absolute political priority, as well as his anti-Russian attitude. Because in Studnicki’s opinion recovering of Polish independence could only be regained as a result of war between powers responsible for Polish partition, he was actively supporting creation of Polish military organizations. During the World War I, drawing conclusions from declining importance of Austro-Hungary, Studnicki decided that restoration of independent Poland can only happen with German help and persuaded Germans that this was in their interest. In 1915 the central powers proclaimed recognition of Poland’s independence, known as “Act of 5th May”) that had a major influence on accepting the desire of restoration of Poland by France and Gt. Britain (at that time allies of Russia). Due to his absence of political ability, his role in bringing about the Act of 5th May brought him no popularity. During the inter-war period Studnicki was mainly active as a writer, producing books and articles on politics and economics. In politics he advocated idea of Polish-German cooperation and during the last pre-war year, foreseeing the disastrous effects of Polish-German war, he argued against Poland joining antiGerman alliance. During German occupation of Poland he attempted to persuade Germans to cease their brutal suppression. These attempts were totally unsuccessful and caused him to be imprisoned and being beaten by Gestapo. The last years of his life Studnicki spent in exile in England.

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Centrum Badań Wschodnich w Toruniu

  • Author: Paweł Jaroniak
  • Institution: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 258-259
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012115
  • PDF: so/1/so115.pdf

Centre for Eastern Studies in Torun

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Oblicza Chin na początku XXI wieku. Historia, polityka, społeczeństwo, redakcja naukowa Joanna Marszałek-Kawa, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2012, ss. 356.

  • Author: Jarosław Wojtas
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Fundacja Institutum Orientalium
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 262-265
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012117
  • PDF: so/1/so117.pdf

The image of China in the beginning of the 21st century. History, politics, society. academic editing by Joanna Marszałek-Kawa, Adam Marszałek Publishing House, Torun 2012, ss. 356.

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Akmal Holmatowicz Saidow, Сравнительное правоведение (основные правовые системы современности) [Prawoznawstwo porównawcze (podstawowe współczesne systemy prawne)], Институт государства и права РАН Академический правовой университет, Москва, Юристъ 2009, s

  • Author: Michał Szreffel
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
  • Year of publication: 2012
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 265-272
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2012118
  • PDF: so/1/so118.pdf

Akmal Holmatowicz Saidow, Сравнительное правоведение (основные правовые системы современности) Comparative jurisprudence (fundamental contemporary legal systems) Институт государства и права РАН Академический правовой университет, Москва, Юристъ 2009, ss. 448

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