Spis treści
- Year of publication: 2013
- Source: Show
- Pages: 3-11
- DOI Address: -
- PDF: so/4/so4toc.pdf
Features of Partnership Russia – Association of Southeast Asian Nations
The article spotlights features of relations’ development between the USSR and Russia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; special attention is paid to elucidating of these interactions and the influence on formation of security systems in the Asian-Pacific region.
Byelorussian and Chinese relations. In search of a strategic ally?
This publication analyses of Byelorussian and Chinese relations in the years 2010–2013. The paper discusses Byelorussian and Chinese economic cooperation. In Byelorussian politics, China’s role becomes increasingly more important. Chinese loans stabilise the macroeconomic situation of Byelorussia, but at the same time, increase its foreign debt. The increasing Chinese political, economic and military interests in Byelorussia raises Russia’s concern, although the Chinese do not interfere with crucial Russian interests in that area. The conducted research indicates that there is no threat of serious tensions between Moscow and Beijing. The geopolitical location of Byelorussia is a significant asset for China, as it opens to it opportunities for economic expansion to the EU and the Customs Union markets. In Chinese politics, Byelorussia’s role is not significant and the chances of Byelorussia becoming a strategic partner of China are small, although such are expectations of the Byelorussian side.
The role of France in the development of the Common Security and Defence Policy and its proposals in this area during the presidency of the European Union in 2008
The exercise of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union is a complex type of political leadership. The French presidency exercised in the period from July 1 to December 31, 2008 was planned very carefully and in full swing. The French Presidency has set itself four key priorities: energy and climate, migration issues, agriculture, security and defense. It also outlined a very ambitious list of priorities. Not all French proposals were accepted, but it certainly can be said that during the French presidency in 2008, its position on the various issues discussed by the EU is clearly marked.
Transfers of major conventional weapons between USSR/Russia and Iran – quantitative approach (based on the SIPRI data)
Despite the short period of arms transfers to Iran before 1979, due to the quality and the quantity of arms, the Soviet Union even before the Islamic revolution in Iran grew to the position, in terms of transfers value of the third exporter of arms to Iran after the United States and the United Kingdom, ahead of Italy, France and other western countries. The biggest deals were implemented in the late 70s. of the XX century. The Islamic Revolution led to a break in the transfers of weapons from the Soviet Union, and only in 1986 did the Soviet Union re-join the group of suppliers of weapons to Iran, becoming, second only to China (PRC), the largest exporter of arms to Iran until the collapse of the USSR in 1991. Soviet weapons strengthened the Iranian air force and air defense systems (surface-to-air missiles systems S-200 Angara/SA-5 Gammon). After the collapse of the USSR Iran continued purchasing arms in Russia, which had become the successor to the Soviet Union. Iran continued purchases of aircrafts and short range air-to-air missiles and bought helicopters, including for the purposes of search and rescue, and the version with anti-tank missiles. Iran also continued strengthening their defense missile systems by purchasing surface-to-air missile systems 2K12 Kwadrat/SA-6A, mobile surface-to-air missile systems, Tor-M1/SA-15 with missiles and air search radars 1L119 and air search systems 1L222 Avtobaza. Moreover, Russia has sold Iran three submarines of the Project 877E/Kilo, diesel engines for the modernization of tanks, mobile surface-to-air missile and anti-aircraft artillery weapon systems 96K9 Pantsir-S1/SA-22 Greyhound (via Syria). Russia has also granted several licenses, including the production of antitank missiles 9M111/AT-4 Spigot, 9M14M/AT-3 Sagger, 9M113/AT-5 Spandrel, infantry fighting vehicles BMP-2, T-72M1 tanks, towed guns D-30-caliber 122mm. In the years 1992–2012 Russia has climbed to first place in the arms trade with Iran, ahead of China, which is in second place. Arms sales to Iran led to the saturation of the Iranian air defense and aviation with Soviet/Russian aircrafts and air defense systems, strengthening also the army and navy (with Russian submarines).
Political and military conditionings of the Easter Offensive of 1972
The subject of this article is to present one of the Vietnam War’s biggest campaigns called The Easter Offensive of 1972 genesis. This major attack was fully conducted by the People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN – the regular army of South Vietnam) supported by the United States military forces. The Easter Offensive took place during the Vietnam War, between 30th March and 22nd October 1972. This conventional invasion (the largest offensive operation undertaken since 300 000 Chinese, so called ‘volunteers’, had crossed the Yalu River into North Korea during the Korean War) was a radical departure from previous North Vietnamese offensives, based mostly on ‘guerilla warfare’ tactics and small units actions. The offensive was not originally designed to win the decisive victory over South Vietnam. Communists in Hanoi who’s aim was to gain as much territory and destroy as many units of the ARVN as possible, thus improve the North’s negotiating position as the Paris Peace Accords drew at that time toward a conclusion.
American responsibility for the actions of Blackwater in Iraq
The article deals with the issue of private military contractors (for example the titled Blackwater), in other words private companies that in situations of international or non-international armed conflicts fulfill the following tasks: protection of particular persons, objects or places, logistics, provisioning or providing interpreters during interrogations. This issue is important for many reasons, inter alia because of the increasing number of such companies and of the character of their tasks, the latter getting closer and closer to military operations. Taking into account the fact that the private military contractors work during armed conflicts, they will very often be threatened with armed attacks. On the other hand there is a huge risk of private military contractors committing crimes. This article concentrates on the problem of responsibility of States for the acts of private military contractors (including violations of international humanitarian law). Which State is responsible for such violations? Three possibilities are following: the State hiring of such a contractor, a State in whose territory such contractors operate and the State of their registration. When delving into details of this problem the author uses the example of the Blackwater.
Aktywny i skuteczny udział wszystkich obywateli i instytucji społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w procesach decyzyjnych w zakresie ochrony środowiska uznawany jest za jeden z najważniejszych warunków zrównoważonego rozwoju nowoczesnej społeczności międzynarodowej. Społeczeństwo może skutecznie uczestniczyć w rozwiązywaniu problemów ochrony środowiska, wtedy gdy jest informowane o istniejących zagrożeniach dla środowiska naturalnego i zdrowia obywateli. Ważne jest, aby stworzyć odpowiednie warunki udostępniania informacji na ten temat przez rząd, a także organizacje i przedsiębiorstwa, których działalność ma lub może mieć negatywny wpływ na stan środowiska.
Social essence of culture
The article deals with culture as a phenomenon that occurs only with the beginning of the formation of society. On this basis, the phenomenon of culture analyzes as an essential characteristic of being a society. We consider the epistemological potential of the concept of culture and society by Sorokin and outline its main provisions. Relevant in our time is the separation of cultures on the basis of the dominant element – the spiritual and sensual – it gives us an idea of the foundation of modern cultures and helps to form an adequate attitude to a diverse array of existing cultures. The meaning of Sorokin’s integral theory is revealed, which considers all entities that operate in the human being as a unity of three sources of human knowledge - the senses, reason and intuition, and this implies a culture as a social phenomenon.
W artykule określono cechy nowych koncepcji i praktycznych modeli administracji publicznej i wskazano główne kierunki transformowania administracji publicznej w kontekście współczesnego rozwoju społecznego.
Nationalism and democracy: national society or civil society?
The article deals with the theoretical aspects of correlation between national society and civil society and based on historical experience of the NIS, which geopolitically and stratificationally located in the Eastern European semi-periphery. The priority of a nation and state building over the development of civil society is declared. In the case of the NIS of Eastern European semi-periphery powerful national state, which is based on a strong national society, is regarded as the main foundation of developed civil society. Nation and nation-state are proved to be the results of long term integration and the historical processes. It is stressed that national community is much more integrated and rooted in history than regional integration communities. Civil society is regarded as a source of some threat forthe national security of NIS.
The unsinkable raft in the ocean of history. The internal laws of the Kyrgyz civilization as a warranty of survival for the millennia
This article presents selected elements of the traditional Kyrgyz nomadic type of civilization, which affected also the nature of modern society, and is fundamentally different from the European model in terms of social education. The author reflects on the phenomenon of vitality and the specifics of the small Kyrgyz ethnos that managed to survive many centuries, while many great nations and countries of the Silk Road disappeared. The nation preserved its language, history, culture, model of state and created its own ethos. The secret of this is the traditional Kyrgyz aile, understood as family, but also as: a symbol of a lifestyle, a self-sufficient social cell and microcosm of the Kyrgyz. A sense of belonging to the family and the deep back reaching memory of it’s ancestors is an extremely important feature of being of the Kyrgyzstan citizens. The author also draws attention to some of the problems of the Kyrgyz society in the new geopolitical circumstances. Another problem is the evaluation of the place of the Russian language and culture in indigenous national culture and the course and consequences of the process of “withdrawal” of Russia from the former Soviet republics. In the author’s opinion, Russia was a mother, not by birth, but nonetheless a nourisher.
The Tatar minority in Poland
The presence of the Tatar minority in Poland creates opportunities for the society at large to observe the originality of customs and traditions of this ethnic group. The organizations thus established lay foundations for extensive activities leading to the exposition of the qualities of the Tatar culture. The maintenance of tradition through these organizations gives a chance for future generations of Tatars to learn the history of their ancestors.
The Justice and Development Party in the party system of Turkey
The article points out, that The Justice and Development Party can be defined as an islamic-leaning, democratic party, which results from its islamic roots and the strong emphasis on democratization of the state. The Activity of Justice and Development Party contributed to the implementation of democratic reforms, the growth in the economy and the progress in process of becoming a member of the European Union. The Actions of Justice and Development Party do not pose a threat for the secular Republic of Turkey, since they gave up ideas, that refered to Islam and started to put stress on democracy, the state of law and the protection of human rights. The Justice and Development Party advocates deepening the process of the democratization and westernization, understood as an expansion of strategic connections with the European Union, which would close with the accession of Turkey to the European Union and widening its cooperation with the United States of America.
Report from the International Scientific Conference “Konstytucje państw europejskich: historia i współczesność” [Constitutions of European countries: Past and Present], Toruń, April 11th–12th, 2013
Report on Seventh International Symposium: History of the Baltic Sea “Migracje. Podróże w dziejach” [Migrations. Journeys in history], Wolin, July 26th–28th, 2013
Gracjan Cimek, Maciej Franz, Karolina Szydywar-Grabowska, “Współczesne stosunki polsko-rosyjskie. Wybrane problemy” [Contemporary Polish-Russian relations. Selected Problems], Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2012
“Unia Europejska i Rosja w kierunku nowego otwarcia” [European Union and Russia in the direction of new opening], ed. Beata Piskorska, Wydawnictwo Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II, Instytut Politologii, Katedra Stosunków Międzynarodowych, Lublin 2012
“Azjatyckie strategie bezpieczeństwa” [Asian security strategies], ed. Joanna Marszałek-Kawa, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2013
Wojciech Kostecki, “Strach i potęga. Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe w XXI wieku” [Fear and power. International security in the 21st century], Poltext, Warsaw 2012 .
Democracy and democratization: paradoxes of global enlargement
The article deals with global democratization as one of a few key processes for postbipolar world to be shaped. The relativistic view of democracy is elaborated. According to this view democracy and authoritarianism are proved to be two main forms of political existence of mankind all its history long. It is also said that any real political system consists of both democratic and authoritarian elements, which are combined in a different structural proportion and keep this system from falling to extremes – totalitarianism or anarchism. Liberal democracy as a special form of democracy born by historical world in which totalitarianism was one of the main phenomenons is regarded as well.
Cultural determinants of European integration
The cultural basis of European integration consists of historical elements. Cultural factor does not become the driving force from the beginning of the integration process of Western Europe, the recognition were primarily economic issues. Although it is the Council of Europe, was the first to become interested in issues of culture, however, the European Union is taking concrete steps in this field and provides the framework for European cultural policy. The activities of the two organizations, despite the fact that on the same issue, there are common activities, but rather complementary.
Need of the international economic integration
The state of the economy of the Kyrgyz Republic and the international economic integration are investigated. Insufficiency of a financial and economic condition of Kyrgyzstan is opened. Reasons for Governmental regulating use in the area of monetary, tax and budget policy in USA have been set up. The conditions of development of industrial countries’ economy are under consideration. The necessity of financialisation of all capital of the country is defined. Kyrgyzstan public budget’s permanent deficiency formation reasons are studied. A necessity of integration of economic relations development within the framework of Eurasia is offered. A necessity of sustainable economic relations establishment as well as finding a solution for external debt between Kyrgyzstan and Russia have been justified. The increase of efficiency and responsibility of top managers of the public administration level have been offered. The necessity of the independent mastering of own gold-mining fields is justified. An opportunity for development of integration processes between Kyrgyzstan and Poland is opened. Needs for the development of exploring and processing of hydrocarbons as well as building of large economic entities especially the hydroelectric power stations, namely Kambar-Ata-1 Hydro-Power Plants have been suggested. By this it is also suggested to Russia to develop this as strategic partner of Kyrgyzstan. Creation of integral customs system and energy cooperation suggested. It should be supported by establishment of unique equivalent among Eurasia states. By this it is possible to find acceptable solutions in the fields of finance and economy and to form a united economic cooperation considering a sovereignty of each state. It is necessary to develop an identical financial reporting of point-of-sale and payment balances, balance of international investments, compliable national republics and the whole of Eurasia. To walk away from the calculation and actual use of dollar of the USA in finance and economic operations. Based on econometric prognosis of gross internal product and the public budget of Kyrgyzstan is made calculating on the per to 2025 year.
Issue of accession of Turkey to the European Union
The article emphasizes, that relations between Turkey and European Union from the very beginning remain in a stage of a slow development, with no future shape defined. There is no reason to expect from the government any unpopular decisions, which might not bring a specific effect in a foreign policy, while would cause a loss of the electorate in the country. Extension in time of the accession negotiations might indicate, that official talks started too soon and without appropriate preparations to take certain actions in the future. Situation in Turkey- European Union relations at the end of 2012 does not enable to make any optimistic forecast relative to soon progress. Problem of the accession is that complicated, since even meeting demanded criteria does not mean a possibility of being admitted to membership in the future. Turns out, that also the other side is very important, which means at least neutral attitude of european countries towards border extension. One should accept an assumption, that the reply on the anti- Turkish attitude of the individual members would be general protest of citizens against the accession. Result of the negotiations remains uncertain, which stresses a changing nature of interrelations.
Was Soviet Ukraine a true state?
The purpose of this Article is characteristic of the legal status of this republic and the answer to the question posed in the title. Paper begins the characteristic of the problem of the recognition of the states status in the international arena. Further, analyzes rules of the Constitution of Soviet Ukraine and the Soviet Union, which characterized Ukraine like a state or juridical subject without states attributes. The work finish a summary of the arguments from the paper and the answer to the question from title.
Components and directions of “energy” diplomacy of Russia
This article is devoted to the analysis of the diplomatic strategy in the energy sector. Energy diplomacy as the direction of the activity of the Diplomatic Service is in charge of the strategic directions of the foreign policy of the early twenty-first century, and is an integral component in determining the geopolitical status of countries in the global world.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Symbol of the new global order or global confrontation?
Many governments and socialites thinks that contemporary American imperialism as an important danger for world peace. A sense of sharing the risk contributed to conclusion, from the imitative of China and Russia, alliance, which plays an increasingly important part in the political and economic system of the world. It is a testimony of strengthen the line of conduct some of the countries, expressed reluctance to expand Western politic and ideology, in particular USA. SCO is a forum for all Central Asian countries, even for countries out of the region, to which US expansionism over the world is not accepted. Shanghai Cooperation Organization which has grown from a regional forum of limited subject of the business, currently is without a doubt a new quality in the global defense policy, not only its members and observers. It’s more than a guarantee of security than seeds of conflict.
Selected aspects of economic development and the role of entrepreneurship in China
The economic crisis of 2008 did not leave China intact. The economic authorities faced, therefore, the necessity to modify the social-economic reforms. The main change was to focus on stimulation of domestic consumption rather than on pro-export activities. Another important step was a change in the attitude towards small and medium sized enterprises. The Chinese government started to support quite strongly the more efficient and innovative small firms rather than the big, state-owned enterprises. It resulted in an ownership change in the structure of the country.
Sources of Japanese anti-Occidentalism and geopolitical doctrine of “Great East Asia”
The following paper is dedicated to various factors and conditions, which shaped the doctrine of Japanese antiwesternism and militarism in the first half of XX century. The author seeks the historical sources of the expansionist policy of Far Eastern power, which not only manager to avoid the fate of West European collony, but also created its own collonial empire. The paper covers the image of Japan as unique, perfect, and holy state that can be noticed in shinto spirituality and various philosophical doctrines created before the Meiji Restauration of 1868. The author emphasizes the role of secret societies, which shaped social and political life of the empire and collective consciousess of Japanese people. The separate part is dedicated to the evolution of Pan-Asianism from anti-collonial and people liberation ideology to the doctrine of Japanese Far East exapnsion justification.
Military aviation on the Far East – perspectives for the future
Military aviation is one of the key factors in maintaining national security. Aircraft are the first to encounter the enemy in the defensive role and also are the key factor in conducting offensive actions. Since a while we are observing a move to the Far East by the United States which clearly indicates that this will be the main region in global politics. The center of gravity located on the Pacific Ocean and within Asian countries brings new perspectives for the development of military aviation in that area. The key players in the region are refreshing their arsenal and are equipped with more and more modern aircraft and accompanying equipment. This article is an effort to sum up the latest changes in military aviation in the main countries in the Far East and to highlight the evolution of the key Air Forces in that region.
Social-economic problems in Kazakhstan in 50–60 years of XX century
In this article is considered social-economic problems on the basis of archives documents of State Archive of Astana. The author made his own conclusion about this problem.
The Soviet Kyrgyzstan officials’ administrative practices, as seen from Soviet authorities’ perspective (1924–1938)
The author in this article presents administrative practices of the officials in the Soviet Kyrgyzstan, during the Soviet Russia’s and later the Soviet Union’s breakthrough years – the twenties and thirties of the 20th century. The author used archive resources available at the Central State Archive and the Political Documentation Archive of the Kyrgyz Republic. In her work she is trying to answer what strategies the officials took in their administrative practices, which social classes they belonged to and how the Soviet authorities tried to fight the obstacles in managing an autonomic region, lacking qualified party apparatus personnel.
Report from the Seventh International Scientific Conference ‘Azja w XXI wieku: wyzwania, dylematy, perspektywy’ [Asia in the 21st century: challenges, dilemmas, perspectives], Toruń, May 16th–17th, 2013
Stanisław Kosmynka, ‘Od Boga do terroru. Rola religii w ideologii dżihadyzmu na przykładzie organizacji Al-Kaida’ [From God to terror. The role of religion in the ideology of jihadism on the example of the organization of Al-Qaeda], Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2012
Ernst Lokowandt, ‘Der Tenno. Grundlagen des modernen japanischen Kaisertums’ [Tenno. The foundations of modern Japanese Empire], Iudicium Verlag, Munich 2012
Anatolij Pawłowicz Gryckiewicz, ‘Борьба за Украину 1917–1921’ [The struggle for Ukraine in the years 1917–1921], Современная Школа, Minsk 2011
Nation and History. Polish Historians from the Enlightenment to the Second World War, red. Peter Brock, John D. Stanley, Piotr J. Wróbel, University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division, Toronto 2006, pp. 420.
Jakub Wódka, ‘Polityka zagraniczna Turcji. Uwarunkowania wewnętrzne oraz podmioty decyzyjne’ [Turkish foreign policy. Internal factors and decision-makers], Wydawnictwo TRIO, Warsaw 2012
Katarzyna Czornik, ‘Bliski Wschód w polityce zagranicznej Stanów Zjednoczonych w latach 1945–2012’ [Middle East in U.S. foreign policy in the years 1945–2012], Remer, Katowice 2012
Some problems of international scientific cooperation and the development of social sciences in the context of the dialogue of cultures
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