Nr 1(7)

Spis treści

  • Author: The Editors
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 3-11
  • DOI Address: -
  • PDF: so/7/so7toc.pdf

The Middle East in the 20th century: from Entente until the Cold War

  • Author: Hassan A. Jamsheer
  • Institution: Wyższa Szkoła Menedżerska w Warszawie
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 15-24
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015101
  • PDF: so/7/so701.pdf

Już podczas nawiązania entente cordial między Wielką Brytanią a Francją w 1904 r. oraz przyłączeniu do niej Rosji w 1907 r. sprawy bliskowschodnie (m.in. Maroko, Egipt, Iran, Afganistan) legły u podstaw tego sojuszu. Toteż kiedy wybucha I wojna światowa, trzy wymienione mocarstwa uznały się za powołane do ukształtowania przyszłości Bliskiego Wschodu zgodnie z własnymi interesami (porozumienie Sykes–Picot, korespondencja Hussein–MacMahon, deklaracja Balfoura i inne). W wyniku wojny (przegrana państw centralnych, wycofanie Rosji bolszewickiej z wojny) Wielka Brytania i Francja stały się jedynymi dominującymi siłami w tym regionie świata. Pierwsza otrzymała mandat Ligi Narodów nad Palestyną (wraz z wydzieloną jej częścią – Transjordanią) i Irakiem. Francja zaś otrzymała mandat nad Syrią i Libanem. Wielka Brytania zachowała ponadto swoją dominację nad Egiptem i Somalią Brytyjską. Francja z kolei – nad Algierią, Marokiem, Tunezją, Somalią Francuską. W tych nowo powstałych krajach arabskich państwo i administrację odwzorowywano na podobieństwo metropolii, co było w pewnych aspektach korzystne, w innych – dysfunkcjonalne i konfliktogenne. Ujawnia się to dobitnie w czasach niepodległości i zimnej wojny, tj. po II wojnie światowej.

Bliski Wschód ententa I wojna światowa II wojna światowa zimna wojna Ближний Восток Антанта

Continue reading

Syryjski konflikt i jego wpływ na sytuację w Europie

  • Author: Maria Giedz
  • Institution: Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa w Gdańsku
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 25-47
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015102
  • PDF: so/7/so702.pdf

Syrian conflict and its impact on the situation in Europe

The Arab Spring, which turned into a revolution, or rather a civil war in Syria caused a tragic, yet interesting configuration of the international political arena. This seemingly small, insignificant country in the Middle East pulled the most important powers of the world in to its interiour conflicts. Syria has become the key to the Middle East. It is a very colorful country in every way: ethnic, religious, cultural, landscape… and the country in which the Middle East countries and world powers and international terrorist organizations want to pursue their interests. They are so contradictory interests that led to an absurd war in which everyone is fighting against everyone. There has therefore been a confrontation on several levels, such as political: between the United States and Russia; religious: Christians–Muslims, as well as within Islam: Sunni–Shia, or Saudis and the Persians; business: where, for example, the role of the corridor between the Mediterranean Sea and Iraq it is taken by Turkey, it is a confrontation between the Ottomans and the Persians. Due to this almost 3 million external emigration takes place – not to mention the more than 10 million internal migration – and simutlaniously the influx of refugees not only to neighboring countries but also to Europe, mainly Western Europe. On the political scene the new players are reinforcing themseves namely, the Kurds. A new division of the Middle East is being created of which, the future is difficult to predict.

Syria the Arab Spring immigrants Kurds civil and religious war Сирия арабская весна

Continue reading

Integracja cudzoziemców posiadających ochronę międzynarodową w Polsce na przykładzie województwa zachodniopomorskiego

  • Author: Ewa Piepiora
  • Institution: Uniwersytet Szczeciński
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 48-65
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015103
  • PDF: so/7/so703.pdf

The integration of foreigners who have international protection in Poland for example of Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship

Integration of foreigners is a process that requires the receiving country a series of measures aimed at enabling access to rights and services. After joining the European Union in the Act of 12 March 2004. On social assistance standards have been introduced to provide assistance to foreigners who have received international protection. In 2012, the Council of Ministers adopted the Polish Migration Policy - current status and requested action. In order to achieve the objectives of Polish Migration Policy Ministry of Labour and Social Policy Poland has developed a program document foreigners integration policy – principles and guidelines are recommendations that determine the directions of the state policy in the field of strengthening the integration of foreigners in Polish society and prepare the Poles to accept foreigners in their local communities.

integration of foreigners international protection West Pomeranian Voivodeship интеграция иностранцев

Continue reading

Европейский союз и Евразийский союз: правовой механизм взаимодействия, проблемы становления

  • Author: Даулет Л. Байдельдинов (Daulet L. Baideldinow)
  • Institution: Kazachski Narodowy Uniwersytet im. Al-Farabi
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 66-74
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015104
  • PDF: so/7/so704.pdf

The European Union and the Eurasian Union: legal mechanism of cooperation and the problems of establishing

The paper takes a close look at the concept of establishing the Eurasian Union – a political and economic community modeled after the European Union. The author of the article shows the impact of Kazakhstan on the integration process of other countries participating in the establishment of this community: Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and Tacgicastan. The author also describes institutionalized forms of cooperation on which the functioning of the Eurasian Union is to be based.

Kazachstan Unia Eurazjatycka Eurazjatycka Wspólnota Gospodarcza Eurazjatycka Unia Gospodarcza Unia Europejska Kazakhstan Eurasian Union Eurasian Economic Community Eurasian Economic Union European Union

Continue reading

Russian energy policy in the European space as a factor of power

  • Author: Nataliia V. Slobodian
  • Institution: Międzynarodowe Centrum Studiów Politycznych w Kijowie
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 75-96
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015105
  • PDF: so/7/so705.pdf

We współczesnym świecie z typem gospodarki zależnej energetycznie czynnikiem wyznaczającym proces podejmowania strategicznych i politycznych decyzji w wymiarze geopolitycznym jest segment energetyczny. W artykule uwagę skupiono na wynikach gospodarczych oraz na fundamencie finansowym energetycznego czynnika agresywnego polityki zagranicznej Rosji na obszarze europejskim. Zostały również zbadane jakościowe i ilościowe wskaźniki współczesnego rosyjskiego rynku energetycznego. Ustalono źródła pochodzenia bazy ekonomicznej opartej na wojskowym potencjale Federacji Rosyjskiej oraz zbadano zależność pomiędzy ilością wydatków na kompleks obronny a dochodami państwowego budżetu FR w branży energetycznej. Na podstawie wyników badań zaproponowano zestaw finansowych, gospodarczych i politycznych środków skutecznego powstrzymania bezkompromisowej polityki energetycznej Kremla na terenie państw europejskich.

czynnik energetyczny energonomia militaryzacja polityki energetycznej Federacji Rosyjskiej sankcje sektoralne państwa z typem gospodarki zależnej energetycznie eksport ropy naftowej eksport gazu monopol państwowych spółek energetycznych ekspansjonizm energetyczny энергетический фактор

Continue reading

Czeczeni w Kazachstanie po deportacji stalinowskiej w latach 1944–1957

  • Author: Kamil Pietrasik
  • Institution: Wyższa Szkoła Studiów Międzynarodowych w Łodzi
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 97-116
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015106
  • PDF: so/7/so706.pdf

Chechens in Kazakhstan after the deportation of Stalin in the years 1944-1957

This topic is a representation of the most important aspects of life on the deportation of Chechens in Kazakhstan in the period from 1944 to 1957. The author also discusses the number of deported Chechens to Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries.

Chechens Kazakhstan Deportation Joseph Stalin Central Asia Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Казахстан чеченцы

Continue reading

Źródła i historiografia badań zdolności miasta Lwowa do obrony w XIV–XVIII wieku

  • Author: Tatiana M. Biłuszczak
  • Institution: Narodowy Uniwersytet „Politechnika Lwowska”
  • Author: Światosław W. Terski-Szełomencew
  • Institution: Narodowy Uniwersytet „Politechnika Lwowska”
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 117-127
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015107
  • PDF: so/7/so707.pdf

Sources and research historiography of defense activity in Lviv in XIV–XVIII century

The study analyzes the works of Ukrainian and foreign researchers who have studied the question ability to defend the city of Lviv in the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. The authors characterize the main types of sources and the scientific contribution of researchers in the accumulation of knowledge in the historical study of the problem of defense of the city during medieval times.

historiography source Lviv the era of the Middle Ages archival materials Lviv Magistrate историография

Continue reading

Лесные гуты и городские цеха: особенности организации стеколоделия в западных землях Украины в XV–XVIII вв.

  • Author: Юлия Курдына (Juliia M. Kurdyna)
  • Institution: Narodowy Uniwersytet „Politechnika Lwowska”
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 128-146
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015108
  • PDF: so/7/so708.pdf

Forest glassworks and urban workshops: peculiarities of glass-making arrangement in the western lands of Ukraine in the 15th–17th centuries

A continuous development of glass-making on Ukrainian lands can be observed only from the end of the 10th century. At that time glass-making was exceptionally an urban craft. After the Mongol-Tatar invasion the arts were slightly declined, but starting from the middle of the 15th century glass-making revived in a somewhat different form: the workshops were located in the forest areas distant from the cities near the sources of raw materials. Such workshops were known as “huty” i.e. glassworks, this term took a Europe-wide meaning and denoted a building with a furnace in it. At the same time craftsmen continued to ply glass-making in the cities. The craftsmen entered workshops or worked independently if they lived in small towns. The workshop manufacturing process had its own characteristic features which certainly affected glass-making. As to the glassworks, glass-making was arranged in a totally different way there and thus the question of glass-making peculiarities in glassworks and workshops and the social and economic conditions of glassworks and workshop craftsmen becomes the matter of current interest.

hutta production glass production shops glass-furnace glassware workshops hutnictwo warsztat piec szklarski wyroby szklane cechy

Continue reading

Политическая философия справедливости Отфрида Хеффе

  • Author: Людмила А. Ситниченко (Ludmiła A. Sitniczenko)
  • Institution: Państwowa Akademia Nauk Ukrainy
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 147-158
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015109
  • PDF: so/7/so709.pdf

Otfried Hoeffe’s philosophy of political justice

The paper covers an issue of justice in the light of a new paradigm in political philosophy proposed by Otfried Hoeffe’s theory of the exchange of justice. The author analyses the impact of this approach to justice upon understanding of how could contemporary society develop its fair moral and legal grounds. It is proved that for an adequate understanding of justice is its understanding as a personal responsibility, organically related to guidance on solidarity and recognition. Their interpretations of as well attempts to join moral and material grounds of social life to overcome of injustice are in the author’s focus. It is showed that freedom and justice are enrooted in a lifeword, as well relay upon formal norms and procedures of moral and justice. It gives a methodology for understanding of O. Hoeffe’s philosophy of political justice that states freedom and justice as basic conditions of human being.

social justice recognition Solidarity moral principles freedom community transcendental exchange political anthropology sprawiedliwość społeczna rozpoznawanie Solidarność zasady moralne wolność społeczność wymiana transcendentalna antropologia polityczna

Continue reading

Stanisław Mikołajczak, Polacy na Białorusi w latach 1987–2008. Funkcjonowanie organizacji mniejszości polskiej w systemie politycznym, Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa, Wydział Studiów Społecznych, Poznań 2013, ss. 328.

  • Author: Marceli Kosman
  • Institution: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Year of publication: 2015
  • Source: Show
  • Pages: 177-181
  • DOI Address: https://doi.org/10.15804/so2015115
  • PDF: so/7/so715.pdf

Polish people in Belarus in the years 1987–2008. The functioning of the Polish minority’s organisations in the political system

Continue reading

Message to:

 

 

© 2017 Adam Marszałek Publishing House. All rights reserved.

Projekt i wykonanie Pollyart