The Vicious Circle of Being

„Being is”: since the beginning of philosophy, this formulation by Parmenides has never ceased to amaze. Tautology, redundancy, normally does not supply any new information. But tautology is a linguistic expression of identity, and identity is a condition for the possibility of any being.
The paradoxes inherent in Parmenides’ formula are analyzed by Plato in his dialogue Parmenides. This work ends in desperate resignation, assent to the expression of contradictions. Being also means the existence of appearances, or even the existence of nonbeing. The way we use language proliferates being at a terrifying speed, and the negation of any being itself generates a new one. Paradox and contradiction lie at the source of any possible way of thinking about the world.

Existence as a modal function in methodology of correlationism (metalogic considerations)

The author focuses on metalogic considerations on the problem of existence from the anthropocentric and relationistic viewpoint, among others on the interpretation of modal categories of pure reason by Kant in their application to the objects of sensual experience. The metalogical issues of determination of the contents of judgements on beings and existence along with the issues of appropriate existential-ontological evaluation of such beings were distinguished in detail. The language issues connected with discussion on the problem of existence of beings of various kind were also raised.

Socjalizacja i recepcja koncepcji naukowej jako czynniki jej istnienia

W artykule przedstawiony został problem socjalizacji i recepcji koncepcji naukowej jako jednej z funkcjonalnych odmian obrazu świata. Opisano proces stadium socjalizacji, czyli rozpowszechnienia koncepcji naukowej w pewnym środowisku naukowym (na przykładzie koncepcji lingwistycznej F. de Saussure’a). Recepcja koncepcji naukowej rozpatrywana jest jako proces wielowymiarowy. Autorka wskazuje na szereg czynników, które powinny być brane pod uwagę przy badaniu zjawiska recepcji.

Photonic dwarfs, or problem of existence

This article deals with problem of existence – what it means ‘to exist’? It presents some terms, mainly from physics, that we are used to recognize as existing, but probably non existent, as atoms, time, etc.

Feliks Koneczny’s turan civilization – theorethical assumptions and contemporary exemplification

The article explains the turan civilization. In a synthetic form, it outlines Feliks Koneczny’s conception of quincunx and turan civilization. It also describes the peculiarity of Russia – contemporary exemplification of turan civilization. It concludes with an outlook of the leader’s and the ordinary man’s status in Russian Federation.

“A tear dripping on the moustache...” “The Legend of the Young Poland” by Stanisław Brzozowski that is we and Europe

Since the beginning of the modern times, one of the main problems of the Polish culture has been the answer to the question concerning the relation: Poland and Europe, the West. A tremendous variety of literary works concerning this topic has been written. One of the outstanding and broadly discussed literary works is The Legend of the Young Poland by Stanisław Brzozowski which was written at the turn of the twentieth century. The main theory expressed by Brzozowski is: Poland has remained beyond Europe since the beginning of the modern times. Its culture has been shaped by the gentry. It is the culture assuming its superiority over Europe. All failures of Poland are treated here as the nonculpable facts and – in the face of all Polish ideals – unjust...And this is H. Sienkiewicz. Therefore Brzozowski suggests using these elements of the Polish culture archetype which – contrary to the tradition of the gentry – are the most valuable. This is the thought of A. Mickiewicz and Romanticism. At the same time, as it was indicated by Gombrowicz in his works, one should bear in mind the fact of the specific character of the Polish culture. The answer to the question about the relation Poland and Europe is – contrary to the radical standpoint of the Legend... – ambiguous.

Once again about the Kielce pogrom in 1946 in the light of latest research

The Kielce pogrom in July 1946, in which 42 people were killed, resulted in numerous studies. Still we do not fully understand the pogrom mystery and we keep on wondering – how did it come to this? It is impossible to answer this question without knowing social and political context of the time.
An in-depth analysis of Polish-Jewish relations may help to explain the problem. The three recent publications may be helpful in this context: Mirosław Tryczek, Miasta śmierci. Sąsiedzkie pogromy Żydów (Cities of death. Pogroms of Jews from the neighborhood, Warsaw 2015); Next is the night. The fate of Jews in selected counties of occupied Poland (Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski, two volumes, Barbara Enkelking and Jan Grabowski, Warsaw 2018); and the key research of the anthropologist Joanna Tokarska-Bakir: Under the Curse. A social portrait of the Kielce pogrom (Pod klątwą. Społeczny portret pogromu kieleckiego, two volumes, Warsaw 2018).
The main conclusion of the last study results from the analysis of the staffing of such institutions as Civic Police, Security Office, Polish Army. These offices, suffering from personnel shortages after the war, were staffed by members of the resistance movements and partisans – people accustomed to the fact that Jews are to be killed. It was them, in large part, pre-war officers, policemen and lawyers, not scum or communist provocateurs, that enabled the Kielce pogrom (Vol. 1, p. 15).

Dispute about Existence of Natural Legal Oder

The author analyses genesis and development of natural law and its contemporary meaning He rise a question why Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997 do not expose a highest position of natural law in country’s legal order. Constitution in several places, including preamble, is based on natural law axiology. The National Assembly, which passed a Constitution had a problem with definition of “natural legal order”. As long as such a clause has not precise legal meaning, it would be difficult to situate such a norm in the Constitution which is directly applied (art. 8.2 of Constitution). A hesitancy to introduce highest position of natural law was additionally connected with the centerleft characteristic of the National Assembly elected in 1993. Once attitudes of Polish people has changed toward center-right orientation, that may influence a new look on the question of situating a natural law in the Constitution when pressure to its change will occur.

About existing and non-existing authority in subjective and objective aspect

Author in the given article is considering the issues of subjective and objective aspects of authority. He is wondering about different degrees of oppressiveness of state power, and he concludes, that it results from adopted opposising man concepts. Finally, he argues, that as a result of division of power suggested by Montesquieu, subject – sovereign (ruler, people) overshadows, what results in stabilization of the function, which means empowerment.

Őresund – region współpracy i innowacji

Obszar geograficzny Sundu, z racji swego dogodnego położenia, ma ogromne możliwości rozwoju we wspólnej Europie. Bardzo istotnym aspektem rozwoju tego obszaru jest jego waga na mapie politycznej Europy, gdzie coraz częściej służy za przykład modelowej integracji i skandynawskiej współpracy transgranicznej.
Pojawia się on jako ważny gracz zarówno w ramach euroregionów jak i organizacji współpracy regionalnej. Relacje transgraniczne w regionie Öresund przenikają wszystkie dziedziny życia gospodarczego i społecznego, przyjmując różne formy – od luźnej współpracy po głęboką integrację. Pod względem ich zaawansowania region Öresund wyprzedza większość inicjatyw transgranicznych w Europie. Jednocześnie, aby można było mówić o spójnym, w pełni zintegrowanym regionie, konieczne jest sprostanie wielu poważnym wyzwaniom i pokonanie licznych przeszkód. Pierwszym znaczącym sukcesem na tej drodze stało się pokonanie największej bariery komunikacyjnej w regionie. Jako połączenie wewnątrz regionu zurbanizowanego Kopenhaga-Malmö, tworzy infrastrukturę dla wspólnego rynku pracy i rynku mieszkaniowego, współpracy w zakresie ekonomii, nauki, kultury.

Peculiarities of the soft power policy in Europe

The aim of this paper is to describe peculiarities of the soft power as a political phenomenon and to provide an overview of its application by European countries. The specific focus of this paper concerns the role of culture as a powerful means of the country’s image promotion throughout the world. Moreover the paper reviews the activities of the European cultural institutions as an crucial element of the soft power policy.

Komunikacja międzykulturowa a nauka języka japońskiego

Poznawcze podejście do badań w zakresie językoznawstwa staje się w dzisiejszych czasach bardzo popularne i perspektywiczne. Język ludzki wydaje się być znacznie głębszy i szerszy niż jego system ortofoniczny, leksykalno-semantyczny i składniowy.
Współcześnie uświadamiamy sobie, że wraz z komunikacyjną funkcją język pełni także funkcję poznawczą i otwiera nowe horyzonty dla naukowców w ich dążeniu do poznawania świata za pomocą różnych języków narodowych. Materiał w języku japońskim pod tym względem wydaje się bardzo cenny. W przeciwieństwie do wcześniejszych jednostek językowych, obiektem współczesnych badań lingwistycznych stają się jednostki mowy, co wyraźnie znajduje odzwierciedlenie w japońskich podręcznikach.
Elementy kulturowe powinny być uczone wraz z nabywaniem podstawowych umiejętności językowych, ponieważ od samego początku pomagają uczniom w przyzwyczajaniu się do sposobu myślenia odzwierciedlonego w badanym języku obcym.

Możliwość zastosowania poglądów R.O. Jakobsona do analizy komunikacji w środowisku przestępczym

W artykule autor skupia się na podstawach ontologicznych w podejściu Jakobsona do relacji paradygmatycznych i syntagmatycznych z perspektywy osi selekcji i kombinacji oraz wskazuje na trzy problemy: podejście do kodu, brak analizy strefy ideologicznej, odniesienie do rzeczywistości. Ostatni problem jest omawiany na podstawie funkcji wyrażenia języka w mowie.

Security, existence, threat. Relational typology and conclusions for crisis management theory

Paper presents typology of security build on theory of relation in terms of methodology of pragmatic functionalism. It was divided on two perspectives: subjective and objective one. Author explains possibility of forming complex theories as well. Attention was also drawn to conclusions for theory of crisis management.

(Нобис-Влязло К., Количество и количественность в русском языке: ономасиологический анализ. – Тернопiль: Видавництво «Крок», 2017. – 162 с.)

Non-existent worlds. Delusional planets and Arctic lands

The generalized model of structure the world is one of the basic, typically human needs. The role played by the ideas about „imaginary planets” in the development of knowledge about the structure of the solar system with the concepts of the non-existing arctic lands and islands that were a peculiar drive of the polar discoveries was compared. The circumstances of the „discovery” and the search for the Sannikov Land were discussed in detail. The role of mysticism in discoveries, which were the basis for constructing the image of the cosmos and the surface of the Earth, was emphasized.

(Nie)istniejące metro

Artykuł zawiera analizę kontentu strony internetowej „Metro barnaulskie”. Strona przedstawia nieistniejące metrze w Barnaule w taki sposób, jak gdyby to metro istniało w rzeczywistości. To pozwala opisać projekt „Metro barnaulskie” na różne sposoby, jako: fake, Internet-mem, sposób komunikacji i socjalizacji, jako frame, tekst itp.

The Polish Rider by Rembrandt, that is about us

In the recent years the French author Yannick Haenel published in Paris a book entitled Jan Karski which in France proved to be a bestseller. Its first two chapters are of a documentary character. They present the history of the title character – a hero of the Polish resistance movement who as the first one informed F.D. Roosevelt about the cruelty of the Holocaust (Shoah). The third chapter is a literary fiction. In this chapter Karski finds out just after the war in the museum in New York, a picture by Rembrandt – The Polish Rider. This picture can be treated as an artistic image of an archetype of the Polish culture. Poland belongs to Europe. The Socrates’ thought underlies the base of the European culture. According to it the rules of the social life must be established based on “the essence of things”. And this means according to the Aristotle’s thought that the human community is the commonwealth. At the threshold of the modernity a change of this paradigm occurs. It is the thought of the Descartes; cogito. Here the starting point is I, an individual undertaking the economic activity (Th. Hobbes, J. Locke). The face of the rider expresses the conviction that the market is not everything. In the archetype of the Polish culture which accepts the European heritage, there is a need to take the “values” into account. And this is the imperative of every single individual; and at the same time of all. It is, as Lelewel put it into words, “the public spirit”; “crowd”… And it is our “code”. Poland is an “eternal sensitivity”.

Grzeczność w kulturze Japonii i jej reprezentacja w języku: sposoby odkrycia głównych zasad i ich realizacji w procesie wychowawczym

W Japonii występuje wiele relacji społecznych i interpersonalnych opartych na kryteriach moralnych, etycznych, rodzinnych i innych, takich jak ‘onkei-kankei’, ‘senkou-kankei’, ‘rigai- kankei’, ‘jouge-kankei’, ‘shinso –kankei’. Sensowne jest klasyfikowanie wszystkich aktów mowy lub pojedynczych wyrażeń według rodzaju intencji mowy (‘hyougen-ito’): ‘jiko-hyoushutsu’ (autoekspresja, nieuwzględnienie słuchacza), ‘rikai-yousei’ (celem jest wyjaśnienie sensu czegoś słuchaczowi), ‘koudou- tenkai’ (podejmowanie działań, od mówiącego lub słuchacza lub obojga oczekuje się określonego działania językowego). Kolejnym krokiem jest rozróżnienie kluczowych wzorców zachowań językowych, takich jak składanie wniosków, proponowanie własnych usług, udzielanie porad, udzielanie lub otrzymywanie uprawnień, deklarowanie własnych działań itp.
W celu uzyskania cenniejszych informacji na temat obiektu, pod uwagę jest brana japońska „teoria istnienia języka” (‘Gengo-Seikatsu’). Jako baza teoretyczna i praktyczna wykorzystane zostały prace naukowców japońskich (Tokieda Motoki, Kindaichi Haruhiko, Fukada Tomo, Nishio Minoru, Ikegami Teizo, Haga Yasushi i innych) i rosyjskich (Nikołaj Konrad, Swiatosław Niewierow).
Z drugiej strony, dobre wyniki można osiągnąć odnosząc się do tradycyjnej klasyfikacji aktów mowy w Europie Wschodniej: adresowanie osoby, znajomość, powitanie, pożegnanie, gratulacje, życzenia, wdzięczność, przeprosiny, prośba, zaproszenie, rada/propozycja, pocieszenie/współczucie/kondolencje, pochwała/aprobata, rozmowa telefoniczna. W pewnym stopniu ona może być skorelowana ze zróżnicowaniem japońskim.

At the source of polish renaissance culinary recipe

The topic of this paper is culinary recipe during renaissance period in polish literature and writing. Due to lack of culinary books in XVI-XVII cent., one must search for culinary recipes and history of polish cuisine elsewhere. Hence there are shown multiple sources where such recipes can be found and analyzed. The author presents analysis of renaissance recipes and provides new and complex definition of old-polish culinary recipe.

Hasidic tradition in Jakob Frank’s activity – possible, impossible

The article is a try compare two movements: Frankism and Hasidism, and to proof their common origin. It is necessary to relate the issue to Sabbataism and Jewish mysticism. The genesis of both movements is associated with Sabbataj Cwi activity and his apostasy from Judaic tradition. The article outlines the most important issues, that are the basis for futher reaserch.

Spisek powszechny Egona Hostovský’ego

Wydarzenia zawarte w powieści psychologicznej prozatorskiego pisarza Egona Hostovskiego pt. „Spisek powszechny“ (wydanej najpierw po angielsku w 1961 r.), rozgrywają się po drugiej wojnie światowej w dniu urodzin bohatera, po czym bohater opowiada niesamowitą historię swojej młodości. Fabuła narracji w sposób szczególny zachwyca nie tylko czytelnika, ale także samego narratora. Egon Hostovský zbudował swoją najlepszą powieść na zasadzie analogii, poza tym wykorzystał w jej strukturze zasady znaczącego czasu, obraz sobowtóra, postawę kontrowersyjną, ramy ilościowe i sytuacyjne oraz efekt ilościowy.

Immanuel Kant i Ferdinand de Saussure: typologiczne korelacje koncepcji

Przedmiotem dyskusji w tym artykule jest hipoteza fundamentalnego typologicznego podobieństwa transcendentalnej filozoficznej koncepcji ludzkiej aktywności życiowej Immanuela Kanta i semiologicznej koncepcji działalności językowej Ferdinanda de Saussure’a. Autor na szerokim korpusie tekstowym uzasadnia następujące podobieństwa koncepcji obu myślicieli: nomotetyzm, antropocentryzm, relacjonizm, działalność ludzka i doświadczenie ludzkie jako główny przedmiot badań, dualizm przestrzenny i triadyzm czasowy działalności ludzkiej, semiotyczny charakter języka i uznanie niewerbalnego charakteru myślenia.

Linguistic pictures of world and its existence

The linguistic image of the world, as a fundamental concept of contemporary cognitive linguistics, has been the subject of numerous material and theoretical studies. This resulted in a multiplicity of its definitions, which the author of this article analyzed in terms of ontological points present in them. From the point of view of kantianism and constructivism, he tries to engage in a debate with supporters of philosophical and semantic realism who perceive the linguistic image of the world as the property of an objectively existing society.

About existing and not existing referents of proper names – anthropocentrism in onomastics

In the article the author widely covers the problem of names’ reference, especially proper names. The phenomenon of reference is discussed on the basis of Ogden/Richards triangle, showing the tri-elemental relation between the symbol, the concept and the referent. The author is pointing out the practice of inaccurate use of terms in the scientific discourse of research into reference and he sorts it out in the terminology by showing the difference between, among others, the reference, the designation and the denotation. The author’s considerations are full of examples which illustrate the essence of these terms and their relations. From the conclusion about the symbol and the concept he moves to the description of reality whose elements are the nominated objects. The extra-linguistic reality in which objects – capable of becoming the referents of various expressions – occur is described in accord with Kantian anthropocentric philosophical thought.

Linguistic means of expressing availability and potential volitional states

This article analyzes linguistic means of nomination of availability and potential states of the volitional states with varying degrees of severity. The problem of understanding the boundaries of human experience has been clarified, followed by modal linguistic forms and their impact on the evaluation and creation of possible experience. Finally, a mechanism for the realization of will states and the influence of the willpower on the creation of volitional acts by the attention and concentration of the subject were described.

“O, Kutno! Wyprałoś mnie z uczuć jak płótno.” Existing or non-existing forms in the polish language?

The participle istniejące [English: existing]stems from the verb istnieć [to exist]–to take place in reality, to be, to last, to exist, to live. It means that forms existing in the Polish language are those that exist in lingusitc reality. The problem is that we do not know how to understand this reality. Theoretically, one can speak of three types of forms: 1. accepted by linguists as systemic and correct but not used (e.g. a genitive case of a plural noun łyżwa – łyżw[English: skate – skates]),apart from commonly used łyżew[English: skates], 2. used, but for a variety of reasons not registered in linguisticpapers (e.g. bobrzyca [English: female beaver], rekinica [English: female shark]),3. non-registered (non-accepted) by linguists and not present in language usage (e.g. plural masculineordinal numbers above four, i.e. ósmi, dziewiąci, dwudzieści piąci [English: the eighth, the ninth, the twenty-fifth]).Sometimes, it is not easy to classify somelingusitc forms into one of the above three groups. It is the case of the first- and second-person verbs of neutral gender, singular, past tense of the kind byłom, zrobiłoś [English: I was, you did].They are considered untypical and potential, as they do not occur in normal communication. However, they appear in literature, fairy tales and other texts if such are requirements of those texts, e.g. drżałoś [English: you trembled] (about the sky), świeciłoś [English: you shined] (about the sun), powiedziałom [English: I said] (a mirror speaking about itself).
However, it is difficult to unequivocally determine which form exists or does not exist in the contemporary Polish language. If there is no such form in the electronic National Corps of the Polish Language, one cannot be sure that it does not occur at all, e.g. in vernaculars, local dialects orin individualuse. On the other hand, there are discrepancies between linguistic publications, as a result of which a given form is registered (considered acceptable) in some papersand it is notin others. Examination of the occurrence or nonexistence of certain grammar structures and categories and lexical forms is an important element of comparative cultural linguistics. Such comparative analyses let us know better differences between languages in the linguistic worldview.

About (non)-existance of effective statistical method in linguistic research on the constitution text

This article discusses the issue of the existence or non-existence of effective statistical methods in linguistic research on the text of the constitution. Article is a review. Text summarizes preliminary acquaintance with literature of subject matter which is focused on usage statistical methods in stylistic-syntactical research. In this paper issue of usage statistical methods of research of style in constitution as a legal act had been raised. Among others, it was also highlighted a principle of usage statistical methods in linguistic and there were discussed these aspects of constitution language which precised knowledge about the style of texts in this genre could be obtained with usage of this techniques of research.

The existence or no existence an ideal poetic translation. Selected problems related with a translation by Timur Kibirov’s poem Posłanie L. S. Rubinsztejnu to Polish language

This article addresses a problem of ideal / imperfect translation. The thesis about the existence or non-existence of an ideal translation is verified on the basis of the original Russian- language poem by Timur Kibirov and a translation by Jerzy Czech. After analyzing the formal and content aspects of both poems, the following conclusions were drawn: the original and translation can not be one hundred percent identical due to the omissions and changes made by the translator and elements of culture that are not transferable in the target culture.