Non-existent worlds. Delusional planets and Arctic lands

The generalized model of structure the world is one of the basic, typically human needs. The role played by the ideas about „imaginary planets” in the development of knowledge about the structure of the solar system with the concepts of the non-existing arctic lands and islands that were a peculiar drive of the polar discoveries was compared. The circumstances of the „discovery” and the search for the Sannikov Land were discussed in detail. The role of mysticism in discoveries, which were the basis for constructing the image of the cosmos and the surface of the Earth, was emphasized.

(Nie)istniejące metro

Artykuł zawiera analizę kontentu strony internetowej „Metro barnaulskie”. Strona przedstawia nieistniejące metrze w Barnaule w taki sposób, jak gdyby to metro istniało w rzeczywistości. To pozwala opisać projekt „Metro barnaulskie” na różne sposoby, jako: fake, Internet-mem, sposób komunikacji i socjalizacji, jako frame, tekst itp.

The Polish Rider by Rembrandt, that is about us

In the recent years the French author Yannick Haenel published in Paris a book entitled Jan Karski which in France proved to be a bestseller. Its first two chapters are of a documentary character. They present the history of the title character – a hero of the Polish resistance movement who as the first one informed F.D. Roosevelt about the cruelty of the Holocaust (Shoah). The third chapter is a literary fiction. In this chapter Karski finds out just after the war in the museum in New York, a picture by Rembrandt – The Polish Rider. This picture can be treated as an artistic image of an archetype of the Polish culture. Poland belongs to Europe. The Socrates’ thought underlies the base of the European culture. According to it the rules of the social life must be established based on “the essence of things”. And this means according to the Aristotle’s thought that the human community is the commonwealth. At the threshold of the modernity a change of this paradigm occurs. It is the thought of the Descartes; cogito. Here the starting point is I, an individual undertaking the economic activity (Th. Hobbes, J. Locke). The face of the rider expresses the conviction that the market is not everything. In the archetype of the Polish culture which accepts the European heritage, there is a need to take the “values” into account. And this is the imperative of every single individual; and at the same time of all. It is, as Lelewel put it into words, “the public spirit”; “crowd”… And it is our “code”. Poland is an “eternal sensitivity”.

Grzeczność w kulturze Japonii i jej reprezentacja w języku: sposoby odkrycia głównych zasad i ich realizacji w procesie wychowawczym

W Japonii występuje wiele relacji społecznych i interpersonalnych opartych na kryteriach moralnych, etycznych, rodzinnych i innych, takich jak ‘onkei-kankei’, ‘senkou-kankei’, ‘rigai- kankei’, ‘jouge-kankei’, ‘shinso –kankei’. Sensowne jest klasyfikowanie wszystkich aktów mowy lub pojedynczych wyrażeń według rodzaju intencji mowy (‘hyougen-ito’): ‘jiko-hyoushutsu’ (autoekspresja, nieuwzględnienie słuchacza), ‘rikai-yousei’ (celem jest wyjaśnienie sensu czegoś słuchaczowi), ‘koudou- tenkai’ (podejmowanie działań, od mówiącego lub słuchacza lub obojga oczekuje się określonego działania językowego). Kolejnym krokiem jest rozróżnienie kluczowych wzorców zachowań językowych, takich jak składanie wniosków, proponowanie własnych usług, udzielanie porad, udzielanie lub otrzymywanie uprawnień, deklarowanie własnych działań itp.
W celu uzyskania cenniejszych informacji na temat obiektu, pod uwagę jest brana japońska „teoria istnienia języka” (‘Gengo-Seikatsu’). Jako baza teoretyczna i praktyczna wykorzystane zostały prace naukowców japońskich (Tokieda Motoki, Kindaichi Haruhiko, Fukada Tomo, Nishio Minoru, Ikegami Teizo, Haga Yasushi i innych) i rosyjskich (Nikołaj Konrad, Swiatosław Niewierow).
Z drugiej strony, dobre wyniki można osiągnąć odnosząc się do tradycyjnej klasyfikacji aktów mowy w Europie Wschodniej: adresowanie osoby, znajomość, powitanie, pożegnanie, gratulacje, życzenia, wdzięczność, przeprosiny, prośba, zaproszenie, rada/propozycja, pocieszenie/współczucie/kondolencje, pochwała/aprobata, rozmowa telefoniczna. W pewnym stopniu ona może być skorelowana ze zróżnicowaniem japońskim.

At the source of polish renaissance culinary recipe

The topic of this paper is culinary recipe during renaissance period in polish literature and writing. Due to lack of culinary books in XVI-XVII cent., one must search for culinary recipes and history of polish cuisine elsewhere. Hence there are shown multiple sources where such recipes can be found and analyzed. The author presents analysis of renaissance recipes and provides new and complex definition of old-polish culinary recipe.

Hasidic tradition in Jakob Frank’s activity – possible, impossible

The article is a try compare two movements: Frankism and Hasidism, and to proof their common origin. It is necessary to relate the issue to Sabbataism and Jewish mysticism. The genesis of both movements is associated with Sabbataj Cwi activity and his apostasy from Judaic tradition. The article outlines the most important issues, that are the basis for futher reaserch.

Spisek powszechny Egona Hostovský’ego

Wydarzenia zawarte w powieści psychologicznej prozatorskiego pisarza Egona Hostovskiego pt. „Spisek powszechny“ (wydanej najpierw po angielsku w 1961 r.), rozgrywają się po drugiej wojnie światowej w dniu urodzin bohatera, po czym bohater opowiada niesamowitą historię swojej młodości. Fabuła narracji w sposób szczególny zachwyca nie tylko czytelnika, ale także samego narratora. Egon Hostovský zbudował swoją najlepszą powieść na zasadzie analogii, poza tym wykorzystał w jej strukturze zasady znaczącego czasu, obraz sobowtóra, postawę kontrowersyjną, ramy ilościowe i sytuacyjne oraz efekt ilościowy.

Immanuel Kant i Ferdinand de Saussure: typologiczne korelacje koncepcji

Przedmiotem dyskusji w tym artykule jest hipoteza fundamentalnego typologicznego podobieństwa transcendentalnej filozoficznej koncepcji ludzkiej aktywności życiowej Immanuela Kanta i semiologicznej koncepcji działalności językowej Ferdinanda de Saussure’a. Autor na szerokim korpusie tekstowym uzasadnia następujące podobieństwa koncepcji obu myślicieli: nomotetyzm, antropocentryzm, relacjonizm, działalność ludzka i doświadczenie ludzkie jako główny przedmiot badań, dualizm przestrzenny i triadyzm czasowy działalności ludzkiej, semiotyczny charakter języka i uznanie niewerbalnego charakteru myślenia.

Linguistic pictures of world and its existence

The linguistic image of the world, as a fundamental concept of contemporary cognitive linguistics, has been the subject of numerous material and theoretical studies. This resulted in a multiplicity of its definitions, which the author of this article analyzed in terms of ontological points present in them. From the point of view of kantianism and constructivism, he tries to engage in a debate with supporters of philosophical and semantic realism who perceive the linguistic image of the world as the property of an objectively existing society.

About existing and not existing referents of proper names – anthropocentrism in onomastics

In the article the author widely covers the problem of names’ reference, especially proper names. The phenomenon of reference is discussed on the basis of Ogden/Richards triangle, showing the tri-elemental relation between the symbol, the concept and the referent. The author is pointing out the practice of inaccurate use of terms in the scientific discourse of research into reference and he sorts it out in the terminology by showing the difference between, among others, the reference, the designation and the denotation. The author’s considerations are full of examples which illustrate the essence of these terms and their relations. From the conclusion about the symbol and the concept he moves to the description of reality whose elements are the nominated objects. The extra-linguistic reality in which objects – capable of becoming the referents of various expressions – occur is described in accord with Kantian anthropocentric philosophical thought.

Linguistic means of expressing availability and potential volitional states

This article analyzes linguistic means of nomination of availability and potential states of the volitional states with varying degrees of severity. The problem of understanding the boundaries of human experience has been clarified, followed by modal linguistic forms and their impact on the evaluation and creation of possible experience. Finally, a mechanism for the realization of will states and the influence of the willpower on the creation of volitional acts by the attention and concentration of the subject were described.

“O, Kutno! Wyprałoś mnie z uczuć jak płótno.” Existing or non-existing forms in the polish language?

The participle istniejące [English: existing]stems from the verb istnieć [to exist]–to take place in reality, to be, to last, to exist, to live. It means that forms existing in the Polish language are those that exist in lingusitc reality. The problem is that we do not know how to understand this reality. Theoretically, one can speak of three types of forms: 1. accepted by linguists as systemic and correct but not used (e.g. a genitive case of a plural noun łyżwa – łyżw[English: skate – skates]),apart from commonly used łyżew[English: skates], 2. used, but for a variety of reasons not registered in linguisticpapers (e.g. bobrzyca [English: female beaver], rekinica [English: female shark]),3. non-registered (non-accepted) by linguists and not present in language usage (e.g. plural masculineordinal numbers above four, i.e. ósmi, dziewiąci, dwudzieści piąci [English: the eighth, the ninth, the twenty-fifth]).Sometimes, it is not easy to classify somelingusitc forms into one of the above three groups. It is the case of the first- and second-person verbs of neutral gender, singular, past tense of the kind byłom, zrobiłoś [English: I was, you did].They are considered untypical and potential, as they do not occur in normal communication. However, they appear in literature, fairy tales and other texts if such are requirements of those texts, e.g. drżałoś [English: you trembled] (about the sky), świeciłoś [English: you shined] (about the sun), powiedziałom [English: I said] (a mirror speaking about itself).
However, it is difficult to unequivocally determine which form exists or does not exist in the contemporary Polish language. If there is no such form in the electronic National Corps of the Polish Language, one cannot be sure that it does not occur at all, e.g. in vernaculars, local dialects orin individualuse. On the other hand, there are discrepancies between linguistic publications, as a result of which a given form is registered (considered acceptable) in some papersand it is notin others. Examination of the occurrence or nonexistence of certain grammar structures and categories and lexical forms is an important element of comparative cultural linguistics. Such comparative analyses let us know better differences between languages in the linguistic worldview.

About (non)-existance of effective statistical method in linguistic research on the constitution text

This article discusses the issue of the existence or non-existence of effective statistical methods in linguistic research on the text of the constitution. Article is a review. Text summarizes preliminary acquaintance with literature of subject matter which is focused on usage statistical methods in stylistic-syntactical research. In this paper issue of usage statistical methods of research of style in constitution as a legal act had been raised. Among others, it was also highlighted a principle of usage statistical methods in linguistic and there were discussed these aspects of constitution language which precised knowledge about the style of texts in this genre could be obtained with usage of this techniques of research.

The existence or no existence an ideal poetic translation. Selected problems related with a translation by Timur Kibirov’s poem Posłanie L. S. Rubinsztejnu to Polish language

This article addresses a problem of ideal / imperfect translation. The thesis about the existence or non-existence of an ideal translation is verified on the basis of the original Russian- language poem by Timur Kibirov and a translation by Jerzy Czech. After analyzing the formal and content aspects of both poems, the following conclusions were drawn: the original and translation can not be one hundred percent identical due to the omissions and changes made by the translator and elements of culture that are not transferable in the target culture.