Spis treści

• Mateusz Maria Bieczyński „Piękno nie służy sztuce” – o nieprzydatności kryterium estetycznego dla prawnej oceny dzieł sztuki (strona 5)
• Bogdan Grzeloński Rafała Lemkina autobiografia (strona 33)
• Maria Lidón, Lara Ortiz Turismo sostenible: La Intervención Administrativa del sector turistico en defensa del Dominio Público Marítimo Terrestre (strona 50)
• Jacek Sobczak Myśl polityczna Wincentego Lutosławskiego (strona 62)
• Ryszard Czerniawski Kolegialny zarząd spółki akcyjnej: członkowie równi i równiejsi? (strona 104)
• Piotr Jóźwiak, Piotr Herbowski Wykorzystanie metod badawczych socjologii prawa przy rozważaniach nad istotą odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej (strona 114)
• Katarzyna Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz Otwartość zasobów jako zadanie administracji publicznej – zagadnienia definicyjne (strona 134)
• Paulina Kwiatkowska-Serafin Czy istnieją granice dozwolonej krytyki. O relacji kontratypu określonego w art. 41 ustawy – prawo prasowe z kontratypem zapisanym w art. 213 k.k. (strona 152)
• Michał Czerniawski Graduated Response – a Comprehensive Solution in the War Against Online Piracy? (strona 164)
• Marta Szuniewicz-Stępień Zasady postępowania z dziećmi pozbawionymi opieki w procedurach azylowych – kilka uwag na tle zalecanego standardu międzynarodowego (strona 186)
• Ryszarda Stasiak Instytucja notariatu w prawie szwedzkim (strona 219)
• Wilińska-Zelek „Handlowe” i „niehandlowe” aspekty prawa autorskiego – konsekwencje problemów wyznaczania linii demarkacyjnej (strona 232)
• Jakub Cywiński Utwór audiowizualny w orzecznictwie (strona 248)
• Marta Lorczyk Gender mainstreaming jako polityka gospodarcza Unii Europejskiej (strona 266)
• Witold Sobczak Stadtmüller, J. Sadłocha, M. Różycki. M. Głowacka (red.), Nagroda Nobla a kontrowersje związane z wyborem jej laureatów, Oficyna Wydawnicza Arboretum, Wydział Nauk Społecznych Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław 2015, ss. 203 (strona 286)

Spis treści

• Jacek Sobczak Biblioteki w polskim systemie prawnym (strona 5)
• Marek Kulik Prawnokarna ochrona wolności w wybranych państwach europejskich w ujęciu porównawczym, cz. II. (strona 24)
• Bogdan Grzeloński Ambasador Stalina w Londynie 1932–1942 i jego dziennik (strona 49)
• Monika Kwiecień-Miland Formy konsolidacji uczelni niepublicznych w Prawie o szkolnictwie wyższym (strona 90)
• Dorota Michalska-Sieniawska Zasady postępowania w praktyce lekarskiej (strona 105)
• Bronisław Sitek Damnum futurum (damnum infectum) – future damage. Comparative law study (strona 116)
• Magdalena Sitek Prawne ramy ochrony zdrowia i dobrobytu mieszkańców Unii Europejskiej (strona 131)
• Carmen Lazaro Guillamón Sobre la revelancia del Deprecho Romano Y Del Metodo de sus Jurisprudentes prawa la formacion integral de los juristas en el siglo XXI (strona 146)
• Joanna Misztal-Konecka Ecological and Non-ecological Advertising (Modern and Historical Legal Aspects) (strona 152)
• Małgorzata Szwejkowska, Wojciech Truszkowski, Elżbieta Zębek Criminal law provisions that guarantee the food safety in Poland, including the European Union’s regulations (strona 173)
• Robert Kaczmarczyk Realizacja przez gminy zadań w zakresie ochrony zdrowia – tworzenie programów polityki zdrowotnej (strona 183)
• Jędrzej Skrzypczak Ochrona tytułu prasowego (strona 197)
• Paweł Trojanek Wyłudzenia VAT w Unii Europejskiej (strona 211)
• Witold Sobczak, Alena Brinko Zakaz dyskryminacji. Aspekty prawne i społeczne w Federacji Rosyjskiej (strona 222)
• Tomasz Olszówka Organizacje Zbiorowego Zarządzania Prawami Autorskimi w Polsce ....... 254)
• Jeremi Mazany Cywilnoprawne granice swobody wypowiedzi w Internecie, Łukasz Goździaszek, Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck Warszawa 2015 (strona 278)

The main purpose of this article is to develop a dogmatic reflection about the significance of the aesthetic criteria in juridical decision-making. Main focus concentrates on the case-law, in which the aesthetic evaluation was revoked as an argument in the courtroom. Research is directed on establishing of a dogmatic frame for the future investigation of that topic. It offers a non systematic typology of cases. To realize this objective, at least on a basic level, consideration the following aspects is required. Firstly, it seems necessary to show examples of situations in which non- -legal, aesthetic arguments have been ‚smuggled’ into the court discourse by the lawyers themselves – including judges. Secondly, it seems necessary to build a general frame for the philosophical, art-critical and social conditions of the close relationship of law and aesthetics. The tendency for lawyers to ‚serve’ the aesthetic theories in argumentative situations of uncertainty appears to be historically conditioned – it finds its roots in the common law and the philosophical foundations of art, in the tradition of European culture. Thirdly, it seems reasonable to identify those cases that were ‘noble exceptions’ to the rule of lack of lawyers’ consciousness of problems connected to art history and aesthetics. Although the concern of this article is not a reconstruction of the historical evolution of the relationship between law and aesthetics, but the analysis of the modern aspects of their relation, the reference to the cases from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in which the issue was under consideration, appears to be useful for demonstrating continuity of the problem described. Fourthly, this article attempts to assess the socio-cultural conditions of the ‘legal escape’ into aesthetic argumentation in situations of uncertainty about the meaning of art. It appears that the formula of aesthetic reasoning adopted as the basis for the legal assessment of artworks is not without culturally conditioned meanings – it is no a procedure, which is neutral and free of politics. Fifthly, it is impossible to ignore questions about possible alternatives to the theory of aesthetic as a criterion for assessing the value of the artworks in science and law. The rejection of aesthetics and the related thesis proclaiming that art always serves beauty, requires the submission of proposals for the adoption of another operative alternative solutions, which would fill ‚argumentative void’ and also save the object (art) from having no point of argumentative reference in the legal argumentation

Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959), a Polish-born jurist and Holocaust survior lead an extraordinary life of struggle – to educate the world about genocide and create mechanisms to punish perpetrators .Because of that his „Totally Unofficial. The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin” draws attention. While writing about the book Bogdan Grzeloński gives a spotlight to these issues and events that Lemkins is silent about. Based on the newest resarch and publications he presents in detail the beginnings of Lemkins University education. He explains why Lemkn resigned from the prosecutors office and became lawyer. He describes how Lemkin was consistently building his position among the lawyers in Europe. He presents new fact about how Lemkins managed to save himself from Holocaust and flee from two aggressors, German and Soviet, that invaded Poland. And how, thanks to his acqauitance with the prominent Swedish laywer Karl Schlyter Lemkin first go to Stockholm and later emigrated to the United States. Finally Bogdan Grzeloński gives an account of Lemkins involment in the establishment of the Nuerenberg Tribunal. He is of the opinion, that even if many facts were omitted from this work, it dosent diminish its signifance. Raphael Lemkin autobiography is still an extraordinary book.

Coasts have always been a subject of intense protection and have been considered as a collective good of particular value for the humans. In Spain, given the State ownership thereof and its configuration as a public domain good, its legal regime lead us to consider the littoral lands as an inalienable, unseizable, and imprescriptible property. Its traditional protection has carried as well, a considerable amount of prohibitions and limitations on its use. But, nowadays, administrative intervention has focused its attention in some economic sectors as the tourist one in order to limit its development to suit it in an environmental protection politic that is needed to balance the littoral preservation with the exploitation of one of the most important economic sectors in Spain, as it is the tourist one. This work aims to show an outlook of the current regulation of the coasts as the scope in which the tourist sector development has to suit.

According to W. Lutosławski, every nation has its language/tongue, its historical past, but none of these features alone or in whole, does not determine the nation. He notices, that “only an existing national type, the kind of the ego is creating its language, its history and is impersonating the certain race”. The amount of such types is, according to W. Lutosławski, limited and not every people speaking the different language are a nation even if it has the racial distinction/separatness and the political history. His further statement is not entirely understandable, that “the real nation in its being isn’t limited to one planet, but has its representatives in the entire universe, although on the different planets they are not speaking the same language and have a various history”. The language, the race, the history, the custom – they aren’t creating the nation the more so that everyone can speak foreign languages. A nation isn’t the entire mass of people speaking one language but a slim circle of spirits, which are conscious of their separateness amongst the other nations. “The national awareness is an awareness of the existence of the ego fundamentally similar to our ego and whereby differing in the equal way as we do from the other egos we come across”. This way W. Lutosławski seems to be one of the precursors of the researches about the identity, also the national one. A nationality is an outside word of the invisible existence which a nation is, and it won’t be possible to reduce the contacts of the individual with the nation to such elements as language, tradition, custom. So there is/exists a serious difference between the nation and the nationality. The people living at present are only a material for nations. The state, compared with the nation, is a lower-level existence, dependent on time and space The work of Wincentego Lutosławski is located in a current of the Utopian social-political novels of the turning point of the 19th and 20th century. It is worth the attention on the account of the role which, according to this author, the Poles should play after the world war, which burst in four years after publishing this book by him. It is worthwhile noticing the similarity of some, or even a majority, of his political ideas with the views of Polish conservatives. However what must strike the today’s reader is an inconsistency of the arguments of the author, the numerous repetitions, returning to the topics/threads/trains that seemed to be already closed, the lack of historical reflection, not to say factual mistakes in this area. There is no doubt that the philosophical knowledge of Wincenty Lutosławski turned out to be insufficient for making an effort of supporting the framed vision of the future with the historical material. However very interesting are the accurate predictions concerning the growth of industry, the trade, the transport – albeit the current state of affairs still does not fulfill the forecasts of W. Lutosławski.

Coherent and logical system of functioning not only of the Management Board itself but especially of the mutual relationships between the Members of the Management Board of a joint stock company as introduced in the Polish Code of Commercial Companies, for at least several years is being more and more often violated, especially in so-called state-owned companies. This takes place through the appointment of the person which „performs the duties of the President of the Board” and accepting this unknown to the Code of Commercial Companies institution by registry courts. Moreover, such a practice is recognized also in the normative acts and the case law, where the concept of the person „performing the duties of a Member of the Board” is described as an institution distinct from the „Member of the Board”. The term „an individual performing duties” is not unknown to Polish law. Its essence is to ensure the continuity of operations of a particular entity or establishment for a specified time, necessary for the appointment of a new manager (manager, president, director etc.). In general, the „performing duties” status is acquired by the head of the body or establishment which steps down until a particular post is taken by the new manager and there should be an unambiguous legal basis for doing so. Recently, more and more often we can see in normative acts the notion of individuals „entrusted with performing of the duties of the President of the Board” and besides, specific for such a post, temporariness, it is linked with a statutory ability to „withdraw entrusted responsibilities”. In the sphere of commercial companies we witness situations where the registry courts, despite the lack of legal basis, order registration in the National Court Register of individuals to whom company’s governing body „entrusted with performing of duties of the President of the Board” despite the fact that the Code of Commercial Companies does not provide for such a possibility. The institution of „entrusting the performance of duties of the President of the Board” is unknown to this legal act. The essence of the problem was described by the Polish Supreme Court in its judgment of 25 October 2016. Together with a decision to return the case to be reconsidered by the District Court, the Supreme Court noted that it is necessary that the District Court determines from which legal provision such a right arises in matters of labour law. One should bear in mind that this issue is not limited only to labour law.

In this article selected relationships occurring between the sociology of law and disciplinary law were analyzed. They show the convergence and complementarity of interests of both of these areas of law. Research methods developed in the field of sociology of law can be an excellent tool for research on legal nature of disciplinary responsibility and the problems that arise in this area open up new opportunities for the interests of the sociology of law.

Opening up public data is foster the participation of citizens in political and social life and contribute to policy areas such as the environment. The 2003 Directive on the re-use of public sector information set out the general legislative framework at European level. The Directive provides for a minimum degree of harmonisation. The 2009 review of the Directive indicated that, in spite of progress since 2003, barriers to the cross-border use of public sector information still existed. Some of these barriers can be tackled within the existing legislation, others cannot. The general re-use policy is complemented by legislative or policy initiatives in specific sectors. The re-use of public sector data, whether for commercial or non-commercial purposes, should fully respect European and national privacy legislation. The objectives of fostering open government data and protecting personal data can reinforce each other if based on pro-active and conscious information management by the public sector. Moreover, the implementation of open data policies should fully respect the intellectual property rights of third parties and the European Union’s obligations under international treaties on intellectual property rights.

Form of an artistic expression, satire has been present in human’s life for ages. It has many varieties and forms. From the very beginning its practitioners have been subjected to the public authorities restrictions and have been getting into trouble with the ones who became objects of the artist projections. In Polish regulation – law, there is a justification of admissible satire, covered by the article 41 of the press law, witch is an extension to the justification of admissible criticism, covered by the article 213 of the polish penal code. However, there is no such thing as justification of art. due to this fact, the artist may be fully liable both for violation of personal rights and the offence of defamation.

Escalation of online copyright infringements resulted in a worldwide shift in laws aimed at fighting illegal file sharing on the Internet. A new model of cooperation between copyright holders and Internet Service Providers was created. This cooperation is called the graduated response. In its most restrictive version this system allows suspension or even termination of the Internet service provided to the ISP’s subscriber who infringed copyrights. Copyright holders definitely need a tool that will help in protecting their interests. In this paper I analyze graduated response system in order to demonstrate its advantages and weaknesses. I conclude that legislators around the world should consider alternative solutions to the issue of online piracy such as the notice-and-slowdown and the notice-and-notice approach. I prove that intellectual property might and should be protected online in an effective manner which respects subscribers’ rights and freedoms, in particular the right to access to the Internet.

Children separated from their families who are seeking international protection are in a threefold jeopardize: as minors, as refugees, and as persons deprived of their protectors. They need prompt and comprehensive protection not only during asylum procedures but also in all aspects of life normally provided by parents, such as but not being limited to: shelter, food, medical care and education. This article aims to examine and evaluate the recommendations and guidelines pertinent to the unaccompanied children as adopted at international level by the international organizations (UN with special regard to UNHCR and UNICEF, the Council of Europe and the European Union), intergovernmental organization (the International Committee of the Red Cross) and specialized NGOs (eg. Save the Children) and, subsequently, to reconstruct a recommended standard of treatment of the separated children in the course of asylum proceedings. The result of said examination and evaluation are model rules of treatment of separated minor aliens applying for a refugee status in the European countries. It encompasses the following provisions: 1) adoption of sufficiently wide and flexible interpretation of prerequisites required for being granted a refugee status, with special regard to additional factors such as age and special forms of child prosecution; 2) appointment of a legal representative for a separated child in asylum procedure; 3) adoption of appropriate hearing procedures suitable for age of the applicant; 4) introduction of facilitations in asylum proceedings and liberalization of the evidence requirements, including the principle of the benefit of doubt; 5) assertion of an effective right to participate in asylum procedure; 6) to prioritize the applications regarding the separated children; 7) a proper training of persons dealing with the separated children seeking international protection and their applications. The review of the laws and practice of the European countries enables the Author to indicate the main problems with implementation of the international standard of treatment of the separated children and to assess the relevant provisions of the amended Act of 13 June 2003 on granting protection to aliens within the territory of the Republic of Poland.

The article discusses a wide range of issues concerning the Swedish model of the public notary institution. In the first part of the paper, the author makes an attempt to describe briefly the specific characteristics of the public notary institution in Poland with a view to showing subsequently the differences between both systems. Furthermore, the author describes shortly the historical background of the public notary institution in Sweden, and then points out how this institution operates nowadays according to the law about public notary, which entered into force on 1 July 1982, in particular who notaries are appointed and revoked by, who can become a notary and which the most important tasks of a public notary are. We are also given some practical details about how the public notary institution in Sweden works.

This article discusses the issues related to the limits of the European Union competence in external relations in terms of the copyright law with a focus on the problem of defining its particular areas as “commercial” or “non-commercial”. According to Article 207 TFEU, the scope of the common commercial policy (under an exclusive competence of the EU) includes the commercial aspects of the copyright law; thus, it is vital to set a clear demarcation line. Through the analysis of settled case law of the European Court of Justice (incl. judgement in case C-414/11 and in case C-114/12) the authors diagnose numerous problems related to determining whether and to what extent the European Union has the exclusive competence over the intellectual property law. This also leads them to a conclusion that the European Union has a very wide competence as regards the conclusion of agreements concerning intellectual property rights, what poses a substantial risk.

The article in the eight paragraphs analyzes the issue of audiovisual work, in particular focusing on movie feature, providing the court rulings, in majority the Polish ones. The first section focuses on the clarification of the concept of an audiovisual work, using the textbook knowledge, the knowledge resulting from the polish Act of 4th February 1994 On Copyright and Related Rights and contained in the judgments of Polish courts, concluding that there is no leading definition of audiovisual work in the Polish legal system. Furthermore it considers the issue of co-authorship – who and to what extent has the right to call itself the creator of the audiovisual work. In this respect, it undertakes to clarify the contribution parts which pull together up the final image of an audiovisual work. In the next two sections it analyzes the beneficent of the audiovisual piece and defines the principles governing the relationship of beneficent and the author and the issue of remuneration for the authors work. In the fifth section it introduces the concept of collective management organizations, which is an organization that mediates the process of payment of accumulated remuneration to the creator. Section Six focuses on the issues of copyright protection and potential infringement, and states the rulings of courts, which allows reader to obtain a more practical understanding of the problem. Paragraph seventh evokes a complicated Polish case (the creator of „Stawka większa niż życie” vs. the creator of „Halo Hans!”). Finally paragraph eight focuses on a few cases executed in the field of copyright law in audiovisual work area in the United States.

The article is a review of the European approach to economic policy, taking into account the feature of gender, so-called gender mainstreaming. It analyses the legislative achievements of the European Union in this area and domestic solutions. There is also compared the situation of women and men in the European labor market, with particular emphasis on Danish and Polish examples, and the causes and consequences of gender inequality in economic decision-making. Identification of barriers to the implementation of gender equality in the social, economic and political aspects as well as possibile ways of their elimination is also attempted.

The legal status of libraries in Poland was defined by the decree on libraries and the care of collections dated 17 September 1946. This decree was repealed by the Act on libraries, dated April 9, 1968, which was repealed by Article. 31 of Act on libraries, dated 27 June, 1997. The legislature didn’t define the concept of a library, but only pointed out the basic tasks of the library. Not every entity that uses its name in code “library” is a library within the meaning of the Act. Public libraries can’t be combined with other institutions, school libraries or pedagogical libraries. The Act regulates the notion of library materials, the National Resource Library, the competence of the Council for this resource, the tasks and functions of the National Library Council. The problem is in the library policy, which hasn’t been defined in the an appropriate manner. In addition to public libraries, there are scientific, school and pedagogical libraries. The law doesn’t regulate the status of library staff. The important role of libraries show numerous provisions of the Constitution

The article is to discuss models of accountability for crimes against freedom in selected European countries in the continental system of criminal law. In turn discussed the system of offenses against freedom and then crimes of illegal deprivation of freedom, human trafficking, threat, stalking and impersonation, coercion, taking the image of a naked person, medical treatment without consent and violation of domestic peace in different countries. The whole discussion is an attempt to extract the model solutions.

Diaries of the Soviet ambasador to Great Britain published by emeritus Quondam Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and emeritus professor of history at Tel Aviv University Gabriel Gorodetsky are analyzed from the point of view of a historian and diplomat by Bogdan Grzeloński. The author is interested in Maiskis personality and also in a manner he presents himself. At the same time he evaluates his work as a representative of Stalin in London. The author notes that, outside of politics and diplomacy, Maiski did not have other intrests like art or music. Having the ambition to play on active role in the Soviet policy formulation Maiski was not sucessful on Downing street. Churchill was immune to his pressures. Stalin however needed him in London as a propagandist of his policies. B. Grzeloński provides a critical assessment of the diaries and their author.

This article presents different forms of consolidation of non-public higher education institutions, according to the provisions of law on higher education, i.e.: fusion of non-public higher education institutions, transfer of the permission to establish non-public higher education institution and association of non-public higher education. The legal basis and the process of those three forms have been presented together with conditions and consequences. Examples of problems have been also indicated, both legal and practical that can be faced on.

The incrising demand for regulating social relations which are becoming more complicated is an efect of developing civilization, including in it the level of protection of human rights in XXI century. Standarization is a synonym of the nowadys developing world economy. Apart of the legal rules there are other regulation systems like moral standards, ethical standards, deontological norms or customs. These regulation systems are the complementary systems to the law regulations. Their origin is the natural law. Deontological principles mostly are legally binding like planty of ethical standards in medicine. The reason of the legal power of ethics in medicine is libility for human life. Code of Medical Ethics is also the source of legal norms in medical law. The most important legal norm for medical practice is the doctor’s obligation to treat patients acording to the current medical knowledge. Besides doctors should conduct their practice in a socially acceptable way as working in a profession of public trust.

W tekstach prawa rzymskiego na oznaczenie szkody przyszłej stosowane są dwa bliskoznaczne pojęcia damnum infectum i damnum futurum. W literaturze romanistycznej dawnej i współczesnej nie znajduje się szersze opracowanie, które udzieliłoby ostatecznej odpowiedzi na przyczynę stosowania dwóch określeń co do szkody przyszłej. Analiza źródeł w przedmiotowym opracowaniu pokazała, że oba pojęcia są bliskoznaczne. Szkoda przyszła została wprowadzona do art. 151 § 2 polskiego kodeksu zobowiązań z 1933 przy okazji uregulowania szkody zagrażającej z wadliwego budynku posadowionego na sąsiednim gruncie. W kodeksie cywilnym z 1964 r. został wprowadzony przepis art. 361 § 2, który pozwalałby rozwinąć konstrukcję szkody przyszłej, jednak judykatura jednoznacznie uznaje istnienie jedynie szkody już powstałej. W § 907 ust. 1 BGB istnieje konstrukcja dogmatyczna damnum infectum, jednak zagrożenie pochodzące z gruntu sąsiedniego jest traktowane jako naruszenie spokojnego posiadania. Stąd przyjęto konstrukcję taką, że właściciel gruntu zagrożonego może w przypadku szkody przyszłej wystąpić z actio negatoria. W doktrynie ekonomicznej analizy prawa szkoda przyszła została zaliczona do prawa deliktowego (Tort Law). Obie strony stosunków sąsiedzkich zobowiązane są do zachowania szczególnej ostrożności i efektywności swojego działania (zasada racjonalnego wyboru).

Health care is one of the determinants of the entire policy of the European Union. In this regard, the EU has a well-developed legislation and institutions designed to protect the environment. One of the areas of protection of human health is the natural environment. Also in this range, the EU has a fairly well developed system of laws and institutions. The aim of the study is to show the influence of EU policy on health and the environment on the health status of EU’s citizens.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the pertinency and importancy of maintaining Roman Law as a fundamental subject in the studies leading to obtain a Law Degree. Roman Law is a propaedeutic subject that allows students to learn, understand and apprehend the basics of Law and to use a proper technique to think juridically. Roman law is not only the ground of Continental and Latin American legal systems, but their case method also permeates the Anglo-Saxon legal system. Essentially, it is a subject that provides the capabilities to be able to call “jurists” and not shysters those who obtain a Law Degree.

The European Union law and related regulations implement the conceptual framework of the sustainable development, that manifests itself as a compromise between the environmental protection and public space development, addressing the social and civilisational development. Amongst the regulations governing that issue, the ban on the advertising that encourages to act in the manner causing environmental protection hazards, is particularly interesting. The Polish law and related regulations ban to promote goods or services including the content that publicises the consumption model that is in contravention with the environmental protection policy and sustainable development policy, including but not limited to the advertising with the use of the wilderness for the purpose of promoting goods and service that have adverse impact upon the natural environment. Ecological organisations are entitled to lodge the petition to ban that kind of promotion within the framework of the civil law court procedure.

Gałąź gospodarki, jaką stanowi produkcja i obrót żywnością przynosi istotny zysk ekonomiczny, ta branża wydaje się generować najwyższe przychody i być bardzo dochodowa. Z drugiej strony – oprócz zysków – przemysł żywnościowy może być źródłem zagrożenia dla ludzi, zdrowia publicznego i bezpieczeństwa powszechnego na niebywałą skalę. Stąd niezwykle ważne jest dochowywanie wysokich standardów bezpieczeństwa przez producentów i podmioty wprowadzające żywność do obrotu. Celem artykułu jest analiza rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących sankcjonowania przestępnych zachowań związanych z obrotem żywnością.

The consequence of the constitutional right to health care is government’s and local self-government’s duty to take actions, that ains at realisation of this right. One of the municipality’s actions in the area of health care is establishment and realisation of health policy programs. The legal definition presents it as planed and intended actions that focus on standard of health care and its effectiveness, safety andreasoning.

Problematyka tytułu prasowego, a zwłaszcza jego ochrony budzi spore wątpliwości natury teoretycznej, ale także praktycznej. Po pierwsze już chociażby z tego tytułu, że pojęcie tytułu prasowego nie zostało zdefiniowane w ustawie z dnia 26 stycznia 1984 r. Prawo prasowe54, ani w żadnym innym akcie normatywnym. Po wtóre, problematyka ochrony prawnej tytułu prawnego może być rozpatrywana z różnych perspektyw. Może to rodzić wątpliwości co do różnych źródeł udzielanej ochrony prawnej, a tym samym konieczności spełnienia innych przesłanek takiej ochrony przewidzianych przez odrębne regulacje. Należy jednak podkreślić, iż z samego faktu rejestracji dziennika lub czasopisma nie przysługuje żadne prawo podmiotowe. Jest to jedynie uprawnienie o charakterze formalnym. Nie oznacza to jednak, że tytuł prasowy nie może być przedmiotem obrotu cywilnoprawnego. W praktyce tytuł najczęściej będzie przysługiwał wydawcy, ale nie jest to regułą. Tytuł prasowy może być chroniony skutecznie na innych podstawach np. jako utwór w oparciu o przepisy prawa autorskiego, bądź na płaszczyźnie przepisów prawa cywilnego zapewniających ochronę dóbr osobistych, ewentualnie jako znak towarowy, wreszcie przepisami o zwalczaniu nieuczciwej konkurencji.

Neutrality of VAT was the key factor for the establishment of an internal market, characterized by free movements of goods and services without distortions of competition caused by differences i.e. in tax rates, tax exemptions, time of repayment. The common system of value added tax since the First VAT Directive, after 49 years – is still far from the definitive system. Henceforth transitional Intra-EU trade arrangements based on neutrality principle are effectively by VAT fraudsters, when applying Missing trader (MTIC or MTEC) or carousel fraud mechanism, reaching the scale of 100bnEUR yearly in the light of Europol estimations. Description of the mechanisms of the theft highlights its economic, legal and administrative aspects, just mentioning dangers for further integration of the EU. Proposals for the amendments of the current intra-EU VAT system within last 30 years, as well as current trends of so-called “split payment” and blocked chain technologies were presented. The risk for innocent parties (buffers) seems to increase in the light of the new approach of the Polish Tax Administration, even though the criminal aspect or fiscal penal aspects are still far from the clarity. The article examines the lack of definitive VAT system and fraudulent use of neutrality principle in particular transitional VAT arrangements.

Consiclering legal aspects of non-disrimination clause in the Russian Federation, the Authors starts their assessment from an international law perspective (based on adopted acts). Despite the United Nations’ recomendation the Russian Federation has no act that regulates non-discrimination and anti-discrimination policy

This article discusses the organisations for collective management of copyrights in the polish legal system. The most important aspects of International and European regulations are described in the context of their influence on Polish copyright law. The legal and functional fundamentals of organisations for collective management of copyrights are mentioned with their practically consequences. All polish organisations for collective management of copyrights and fields of their leading activities are listed and shortly presented.