Spis treści

• Jacek Sobczak Poczucie tożsamości narodowej jako wartość konstytucyjna (strona 5)
• Małgorzata Szwejkowska Il regime disciplinare nell’ambito carcerario polacco (strona 64)
• Lech Jaworski Rejestracja dzienników i czasopism w świetle prawa prasowego (strona 73)
• Maria Gołda-Sobczak, Witold Sobczak Problem definicji terroryzmu (strona 92)
• Marcin Imszenik Pranie pieniędzy. Analiza procederu oraz systemu zapobiegania w ujęciu krajowym i międzynarodowym (strona 120)
• Sylwia Kawalec Przesłanka naruszenia interesu prawnego w przypadku wniesienia skargi na uchwałę dotyczącą opłaty miejscowej (strona 137)
• Katarzyna Wierzbicka Uprawnienia obrońcy w procesie karnym – wybrane zagadnienia (strona 152)
• Talgat Jaissanbayev Sądownictwo i prawo karne w pierwszym pięcioleciu władzy radzieckiej 1917–1922 (strona 166)
• Sławomir Kursa Tempus et locus otwarcia testamentu w prawie rzymskim (strona 182)
• Bartosz Hordecki Miejsce ideologii oficjalnej narodnost’ w przestrzeni rosyjskiej myśli społeczno-politycznej lat 30. oraz 40. XIX stulecia (strona 196)
• Emil Smardz Zasada domniemania niewinności a dziennikarska sprawozdawczość sądowa (strona 215)
• Paulina Kosior Dostęp do protokołów z rozpraw sądowych w postępowaniu cywilnym w systemie portalu informacyjnego sądów apelacji warszawskiej (strona 238)

Spis treści

• Witold Wołodkiewicz Studenckie poradnictwo prawne – sięganie do antycznych wzorów nauczania prawa (strona 5)
• Elżbieta Zębek Legal protection of waters in the context of human rights (strona 14)
• Marek Porzeżyński Twórczość i autorstwo w dobie sztucznej inteligencji. Wyzwania stojące przed prawem własności intelektualnej (strona 25)
• Maria Gołda-Sobczak Ochrona korespondencji w systemie prawa polskiego – perspektywa ustrojowa (strona 45)
• Agnieszka Fiutak Przestępstwo udaremnienia egzekucji (art. 300 § 2 k.k.) a odpowiedzialność karna lekarza – studium przypadku (strona 69)
• Maria Zrałek, Maciej Borski Wspomaganie niezależnego życia i włączanie w społeczeństwo osób z niepełnosprawnościami w praktyce – kilka uwag na tle wdrażania Konwencji o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych (strona 81)
• Witold Sobczak Bezpieczeństwo środowiska w perspektywie Decyzji Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady w sprawie siódmego unijnego programu działań w zakresie środowiska (strona 107)
• Paweł Janicki Czym jest film – definicja w prawie polskim i szwedzkim (strona 148)
• Bartosz Kowalski Faktura VAT w świetle ustawy o VAT a regulacje prawnokarne (strona 157)
• Szymon Stach System Elektronicznych Ksiąg Wieczystych, a cyberataki. Zagrożenia i możliwe skutki (strona 172)
• Rafał Chmiel Wybrane zagadnienia prawne związane z umowami ubezpieczenia na życie z funduszem kapitałowym (tzw. polisolokaty) (strona 186)
• Justyna Poliszak Lex Aquilia źródłem współczesnej odpowiedzialności za czyny niedozwolone (strona 197)
• Piotr F. Piesiewicz Glosa aprobująca do uchwały Sądu Najwyższego – Izba Cywilna z dnia 15 marca 2018 r., III CZP 105/17 dotycząca wynagrodzenia przewidzianego w art. 70 ust. 21 pkt 3 ustawy z dnia 4 lutego 1994 r. o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych za korzystanie z utworów audiowizualnych (strona 229)
• Anna Machałek Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 20 października 2016 r. (III KK 127/16) (strona 249)

In the Roman Republic, providing legal advice was treated as the most worthy civil duty. Furthermore, giving legal advice was an indispensable preliminary stage for a later political career. In the period of the Late Roman Empire, the legal profession developed in the form of a corporation of people serving legal advice and pleading before courts. The legal education differed in the period of the Roman Republic and of the Roman Empire. In the former one, education of a young lawyer primarily consisted of practicing under the care and supervision of a master, who was a jurist. As an example of such method of education may serve the career of Marcus Tullius Cicero. Moreover, in the period of Principate, the most significant development of law took place by means of interpretation conducted by jurists. What is more, in the same period, the first law schools were established. At the same time, the need arose to create a textbook introducing students to the legal principles. An example is the Gaius’ Institutiones manual, which presents the Roman law system according to the genera and species divisions. The article concerns various concepts and reforms of legal education in Poland. Furthermore, the article discusses the role that can be played by the student legal clinics, which refers to the ancient models of legal education.

This article shows the general prinicples of water protection in the international, European Union and Polish levels in the contex of human rights. Because deficit of drinking waters is very important issue not only in Africa and Asia countries but also in some state in UE e.g. in Poland with scarce water resources. The legal aspect of water protection against pollutants stemming from anthropogenic activity is complex and hence, is regulated in many conventions, directives and national laws. The very important for water protection is to limit iflows of sewage into water bodies or limit pollution at source, and effective remediation and restoration of the water damage. All contribute to improved quality of waters and ensuring their proper quality which is the basic human right to life.

The idea of identity and national consciousness are sociological and political concepts that are connected with normative acts, in particular with the Constitution. These concepts involve the problem of national and ethnic minorities. The sense of national identity is associated with a sense of belonging to the nation and it applies to individuals, has the character of a personal right, and is associated with identification with the national community. The material scope of national identity is difficult to determine; however, it contains access to widely understood cultural goods. The article 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland draws attention to the components of national identity. This article lists freedom to preserve and develop one’s own language, to maintain customs and traditions, to develop one’s own culture, as well as the possibility of creating educational and cultural institutions for protection of religious identity. In the light of the analyzed views of doctrine, jurisprudence and international standards, it seems that there is no doubt that the concept of a nation in the Polish Constitution is not ethnic. Such an ethnic meaning may have the notion of a national minority.

This article examines issues related to prison disciplinary proceedings. At the first part the Author describes – in a synthetic way – the evolution and aims of imprisonment, starting from ancient times until the 19th century. Mentioned are also the methods od prison discipline in places of penal isolation. The second part consist of a detailed account of historical development of prison disciplinary proceeding in Poland – from the period after the First World War until contemporary times. Concluding part of the article states that the objective of disciplinary sanctions is no longer only to provide safety and order within prisons but also is an important measure of inmate rehabilitation.

Among the laws regulating the press activity, the main one is the obligation to register a daily newspaper or a magazine (Article 20 of the Press Law). The registration application should include the data listed in that Article. Giving the role of a registrating body to the courts and not an administrative body, due to their independent nature, fosters the implementation of the free press rule formulated in Article 14 of the Constitution and developed in Article 1 of the Press Law. The ban on preventive censorship and press licensing is included directly in Article 54 Section 2 of the Constitution (this regulation, however, allows introducing by an Act of Parliament an obligation to obtain a license to run a radio or TV station). The registration mode is a kind of broadly understood application system and it is not included in the press licensing model. Nor does it have anything to do with preventive censorship. Regulations of the Code of Civil Procedure on non-litigious proceedings apply for registration procedure, together with alterations resulting from the Press Law. Magazine registration has two main functions: 1) protecting the name of no longer existing press titles (at the same time protecting the publisher’s right for the press title); 2) protecting the interests of potential readers. The latter case concerns preventing the reader from being misled about the true identity of a given newspaper. The Constitutional Tribunal noticed that the regulation concerning the registration mode is a limitation of the freedom of speech. However, the Tribunal did not find such a limitation that would breach Article 54 Section 1 or Article 31 Section 3 of the Constitution. Publishing a newspaper or a magazine may be suspended if in a given newspaper or magazine the law has been broken at least three times in a year, which has been confirmed by a valid criminal judgment. The regulations do not stipulate the option of cancelling the registration. It is, however, possibile that its validity may expire. According to Article 45 of the Press Law, in force since 19 July 2013, a person publishing a newspaper or a magazine without a license or suspended is subject to a fine. Currently such actions consitute a misdemeanour, and not an offence.

The concept of terrorism raises serious disputes and doubts. Difficulty in defining the phenomenon of terrorism is the problem of distinguishing terrorist activities from acts committed by madmen or criminals. The considerations taken in the text concentrate on the searching for the answer to the question: is it possible to construct a commonly accepted definition of terrorism? It was necessary to refer the perception of terrorism and show the scientific approach to terrorism as a phenomenon present in the modern societies.

Author of this article undertakes an effort to analyze the money laundering process. Starting form outlining the problem, showing historical overview, describing basic definitions and key issues concerning the problem such as: organized crime and drug trafficking, most important socio-economical impacts of the money laundering process that itself will be analyzed together with international legal efforts to fight it showing the most important organizations involved. Last part of the article will concentrate on Polish legal and organizational solutions in this matter.

This article raises the issue of violation of legal interest which is crucial for the capacity to file complaints against the resolutions of the local government authorities concerning local climate fee. The author discusses the problem of local climate fee and its implementation as well as the legitimacy to file complaint. The article mainly deals with the problem of the meaning of the ‘violation of legal interest’ term during the court control of the acts of local law concerning local climate fee and includes a review of case law. The legal interest can be presumed as violated if someone is obliged to pay local climate fee or is a tax collector. It is also claimed that the applicant is entitled to demand the full legality of local climate fee which is also the part of the ‘violation of interest’ term.

The right of defence is one of the fundamental human rights. In criminal proceedings, its implementation may translate into defendant’s right of undertaking his defence on his own, as well as of having recourse to a professional defender. In this regard, the defender (an attorney or a legal counsel) has been given a certain set of entitlements which, on one hand, can aid in performing his own duties and, on the other hand, provides a legal framework for the execution of these duties. The way in which the defender’s activities are conducted depends on the will and the contribution of the defendant himself. At the meeting point of the defender-defendant relationship there may appear certain occurrences, and some of them prohibited by penal legislation, which imply a number of issues and thus need to be clarified. Those issues include, inter alia, the scope of the right of defence as well as defender’s competences, the lawfulness of the activities being undertaken, the question of the scope and framework of defender’s legal privilege with regard to his knowledge on the crime.

The main purpose of the article is to present the principles of functioning of the Republic of Kazakhstan together with descriptions of two branches of law – copyright law and mass media law in Kazakhstan. The beginning of the article is dedicated to the legislature, which is represented by bicameral parliament. Its seats, the legislative process as well as the current political situation are described. Followed by the executive power description together with its representative, the Government of Kazakhstan, which can be formed or dismissed by the president. The way the Government is formed and its authority are presented as well. In the next part of the article is the judiciary of Kazakhstan which is described together with the system of common and special courts followed by description the way the judges are appointed. A separate part in the article is dedicated to the President of Kazakhstan who plays an important role in the authority system and officially does not belong to any branch of the power. While describing the functions of the president, the characteristic title of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, “Elbasy” (the National Leader), which belongs to the current President Nursultan Nazarbayev, is also analyzed together with the features which make this title so special. The next part describes the ruling political party “Nur-Otan” (“the Luminosity of the Motherland”) which has been in charge since the year of 2004. The last part of the article is dedicated to the foundations of the copyright law in Kazakhstan and especially its basic legal acts, the bodies which are called to implement the copyright law and the copyright law specific features. The main legal acts and norms of Kazakhstani mass media law have been described as well, especially in the areas of advertising, print, radio and TV transmissions, rights and obligations of journalists.

Like all official activities, also the opening of a will was carried out in the time and place provided by law. They were the resultant of various factors, such as the place and circumstances of the death of the testator, the time of funeral, as well as the accessibility of the will itself, witnesses to its preparation and physical presence of the official for whom the procedure of opening the will had to be carried out. In each case, there were widely available places, because the opening of a will was public. This article considers the regulations regarding the time of legal opening of a will, in particular the precedence of the funeral of the deceased testator. Next explains the factors determining the place of the opening of the will, among others, the territorial competence of state officials in this respect, the availability of the witnesses of the will and the place of its storage.

The aim of the text was to locate the Ideology of Official Nationality in the space of Russian socio-political thought of 30s and 40s of the 19 century. The ideology, elaborated by count Sergey Semionovich Uvarov (1786–1855), was not only one among many legitimizing concepts, created mainly in regard to please Nicolai I. This doctrine occurred also to be a central narrative, organizing and polarizing Russian public discourse until the end of the Romanov’s monarchy. At first, the intellectual camps emerged during Nicolas I’s reign treated the Uvarov’s proposition as a central point of reference. Then next generations of the Russian intelligentsia referred to it, including the representatives of nearly all currents within the Russian socio-political thought before 1917. However, the core of the ideology of official nationality, i.e. so called the Uvarov’s triade (Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality; Православие, Самодержавие, Народность) was burdened with an indispensible tension between the values entered into it. Namely, the reference to Orthodoxy (Православие) and Nationality (Народность) was expressing the integrative ambitions of Uvarov, who was searching for values which would enable to unify nearly all inhabitants of the Russian Empire. Nevertheless, Autocracy (Самодержавие), despite Uvarov’s desires and beliefs, was not a principle able to inspire people infi nitely to prefer group rather than individual aspirations. In fact, the last part of the Uvarov’s triade – signifying a variety of modern absolutism – promotes a particular kind of egotism and social atomism.

The author analyses presumption of innocence in the media’s reporting of the judicial procedures. The principle of presumption of innocence says that the accused will be considered not guilty, unless his guilt will be proved in the final judgment of the court. This principle is written down in art. 42.2 of the Polish Constitution and art. 5 § 2 of the criminal procedure code. The above principle concerns all people, i.e. authorities of criminal process, police, administration agencies and even simple citizens. The Polish press law prohibits publication of personal data of the accused without the consent of public prosecutor or court as well as data of the injured person and witnesses without their consent. The press law also prohibits to prejudge the guilt of the accused before his conviction by the court of first instance. Alas, there are numerous cases of violation of such rules. Today one observes the increasing process of infotainment of mass media becoming more and more tabloid. They have a negative influence on realization of principle of presumption of innocence in everyday practice.

Legislator in Poland from 2010 started procedure of computerization civil proceedings. The biggest modification of the Civil Code and Civil Code of Procedure was introduced at 8 September 2016, from when both parties to court proceedings have access to electronic protocols, pleadings and have a possibility to submit pleadings via IT system. This article aims to describe the access to electronic protocols in civil proceedings based on the Information portal of courts of the Warsaw Appeal. The Information portal of courts of the Warsaw Appeal is a system, which can be used by both parties in a court proceeding, by attorneys, judges and prosecutors. This information portal includes courts in/on the area of the Warsaw Appeal Court. The Information portal contains documents„ which the courts have made, current information about court proceedings, dates of cases, electronic protocols and recordings. The considerations elaborated in this article relate mainly to the access of the electronic protocol in civil procedure, how the Information portal works and which effect it have on the momentum of the trials. The aim of the computerization done by the Polish Legislator was to accelerate the civil proceedings, allow to deliver documents made by court or by each party of proceeding, lower the costs of proceeding and simplify the proceeding. In conclusion it should be pointed out that the positive aspects of access to the protocols from hearings prevail over the information portal of the Warsaw appeal.

Artificial intelligence, besides blockchain, is the main topic discussed by representatives of nearly every branch of economy. Some entities are trying to search for their place in the world of artificial intelligence driven technology and others are looking carefully at the developments in the AI. Undoubtedly, software making use of the artificial intelligence can be viewed as something that can change the world we live in. The titles of press releases or other information sources are stimulating ones imagination in the range of possible application of artificial intelligence. At the same time, there is a group of people from the technology sector, that are concerned by the rapid and limitless development in this regard. The future of artificial intelligence and its application is still unknown but there are as many positive expectations as negative predictions. There are still many questions that have to be answered before the time that deep or strong AI will be prepared for everyday use. One of such questions is whether copyright is only dedicated for human beings? If the answer is affirmative than the next question that have to be asked is what form or type of protection can be used for works of art made not by humans? This are not the only problems that may arise (or has already arisen) from the use of AI.

The secret of correspondence is a very important rights and freedoms. It is guaranteed in acts of international law and by the provisions of the Polish Constitution. In the system of Polish law, constitutional norms specify the provisions of civil law, concerning personal rights, copyright and criminal law. The term correspondence should be understood broadly in the present relations and not limited only to traditional paper letters.

The crime of concealing property incases related to claims for medical errors is particularly important. It concerns a patient who has suffered damage to his health by means of a doctor’s action and despite the fact that the compensation was awarded by the court he may not undertake remedial treatment or rehabilitation because the doctor prevents such treatment with his unlawful and reprehensible behaviour. Unfortunately, the current rules in Poland do not sufficiently protect the enforceability of the court judgment. For the patient, the amounts awarded are important and often decisive for the further process of treatment. Consideration should be given to prospective introduction of legal provisions, e.g. in the Act on Patients’ Rights and the Patient Ombudsman, to protect the patient as a special creditor in the event that the court awards a claim for medical error.

Among the many rights guaranteed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, what deserves special attention is the right of persons with disabilities to independent living and inclusion in society, as recorded in Article 19. This law applies to everyone regardless of age, ability, type of disability or mental health problems. In practice, this implies the need for the State to take effective measures to facilitate the full integration and participation of people with disabilities in the society. In the paper, the authors attempted to answer the question whether the Polish state has taken effective measures aimed at making it easier for people with disabilities to fully integrate and participate in social life. In this connection, they pointed out the need for deinstitutionalisation of social assistance, pointing to two important tools to enable it to be implemented in practice.

The European Union’s policy in the field of environmental protection aims to achieve a high level of protection of natural enivironment. This text concerns the problems of the European Union’s environmental policy. The author analyzes the tasks of the European Union in the field of environmental protection such as promotion methods that reduce the burden on the global base of natural resources, promotion sustainable resource management at international level and to implementation the program on sustainable consumption and production. Particular attention was given to priority objectives with precise presentation of means and methods to achieve these goals, indicated in the Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council on the 7th EU Environment Action Program.

The definition of what is a film in Polish and Swedish law has been evolving over the years since the emergence of the phenomenon of moving pictures that give the illusion of vivid images. The development of copyright and its international codification in the form of conventions gave the definition of film an international character. In their legislation, Poland and Sweden have introduced protection for the film work, drawing inspiration from the definitions contained in the conventions. The current law protecting a film work redefines the film taking into account the rapid development of works containing moving pictures.

Penal law regulation concerning the problem of falsifying VAT invoices in Poland evolved over the years, yet latest changes that were introduced sharpened regulations that were in effect. In the beginning, author discusses rules concerning issuing and using VAT invoices and pays attention to law that is used against crimes concerning invoices. Next part is focused on mechanisms used by criminals and changes, that were implemented in march of 2017. At the end are shown situations, where in similar cases, courts have different opinions and sentences.

This article discusses the issue of the significance of property rights in the Polish legal order in the context of the digitization of the main state registers and possible consequences of attacks on them. Technological progress makes it possible to transfer registers from a traditional paper form to a digital form. This process has also been performed in the area of Land and Mortgage Registers. Due to the above, every Internet user, who knows the number of the Land and Mortgage Register, is able to verify its legal status. There are real material values related to the data in the Electronic Land and Mortgage Registers. The above may cause that, like banking systems, also the system of the Electronic Land and Mortgage Registers, may become subject to attacks by cybercriminals. This article considers the possible effects of such actions and possibilities of protecting against them.

The author comments on selected legal issues related to a “life insurance policy/ deposit” contract, in particular its legal nature, the abusive character of liquidation fees, the effects of finding as unlawful the provisions of a contract or of general terms, and the length of the statute of limitations regarding claims for return of participation titles recorded in the investment account. The author also discusses matters related to a so-called extended binding force of the decree of the consumer court and of the President of the Office for Protection of Competition and Consumers (UOKiK), as well as addresses the question of whether the initiation of the proceedings aimed at finding as unlawful the provisions of a contract, or of general terms, interrupts the running of the statute of limitations regarding claims resulting from the legal relationship of a “life insurance policy/deposit”.

The purpose of this article is to indicate that all the fundamental private law institutions regarding liability for delicts, negligence, detriments etc. have its roots in Roman law. Lex Aquilia and its creative interpretation made by classical Roman lawyers can be one of the most valuable examples of this historical process. The following essay emphasizes that the classical Roman jurists have developed such an important legal instruments as: the concept of fault, negligence, due diligence, causation etc. Moreover the article contains source texts with case studies and its explanations based on classical interpretation made by Roman lawyers. In addition, the last part of the lecture indicates the main similarities and differences between ancient and modern private law instruments. The article may be useful for law students and legal practitioners to understand the origin and main idea of modern legal principals and therefore improve their skills.