After the 1800’s, “Century Of Actresses”, a few core points on Italian actresses in the 1900’s

Critical studies on the theatre from the 19th and 20th centuries, even founding ones, are limited as they do not include a gender category - a paradox in a space where bodies are central. The actresses, in fact, give life to different stories, which allow for the enrichment of historical-critical reconstructions. Given the vastness of the topic, this article aims to identify some fundamental turning points. We begin with the legacy of the 19th century, rich from both a linguistic and a historical-critical viewpoint; the article moves on to the post-Duse period, which saw, on the one hand, the birth of the actor-artist’s Italian specificity and, on the other, the crisis of female leaders of theatre companies; then, the article discusses the birth of Italian theatre direction in the period following the Second World War and the reaction of a few actresses, like Anna Magnani, who aimed to re-create the reality that was to be reclaimed by the history of theatre. Finally, the article explores the breakdown caused by the New Theatre and even calls into discussion the word for “actress”, with overlaps in the fields of theatre direction and dramaturgy.

On the Eve of the Birth of the Modern Doctrine of the Legal State? The Attitude of Polish Liberals to the Idea of the Rule of Law at the Beginning of the 19th Century

The article analyzes the problem of the attitude towards the idea of the rule of law of representatives of the Polish elite at the beginning of the 19th century. The author presents the development of the idea of the rule of law in the introduction. He verifies the thesis that the ideological basis for the concept of the rule of law was the Enlightenment thought on the basis of which the liberal doctrine developed. He used it to seek an answer to the question about the characteristics of the model of government established by the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland of 1815. The author attempted to prove that, since the Kingdom (existing until 1831) with one of the most liberal constitutions in the first half of the 19th century was in force, then this act met all the conditions required for the establishment of the rule of law according to the standards adopted in that century. These considerations conclude with remarks on the further evolution of Polish liberal thought in the 1820s. It began to differ from the liberal assumptions on which the German Rechtstaat doctrine was built. Paradoxically, Rechtstaat concept had much more in common to Polish liberalism in the earlier (proto-liberal) stage of its development in the times of the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815) than of the Kingdom of Poland (1815–1831).

This study focuses on Michał Wiszniewski’s interest in Dante. Wiszniewski was a professor of history and literature at the Jagiellonian University of Krakow and was fond of Italy. This work aims to outline Wiszniewski’s contribution to the Polish reception of Dante in the first decades of the 19th century. The study recalls Wiszniewski’s three Italian trips and his book, Podróż do Włoch, Sycylii i Malty (A Journey to Italy, Sicily and Malta), which contains numerous mentions of Alighieri. The main part of the study is dedicated to the analysis of his manuscript Dante Alighieri, kept in the Jagiellonian Library (ms. 948 fasc. 7), which has not been carefully examined until now. This manuscript features an outline of a portion of a literature course taught by Wiszniewski in the 1830s, a lesson concerning the life and work of Dante (particularly the Commedia). The professor describes the two faces of Dante: the scholastic one (in prose) and the poetic one (in verse); explains the poem’s title and the structure of the afterlife; admires the extraordinary plasticity of Dante’s images; and translates into Polish a passage from the Convivio and three episodes from the Inferno. The content of his lesson is compared with other earlier and contemporary Polish studies (of very limited number) on the Poet, as well as with the general trends of Dante criticism of that time and with the Dante scholarship of the Polish Romantic poets. The analysis carried out shows that Wiszniewski’s contribution to Dante studies is, in principle, close to Romantic criticism, but it also follows some Neoclassical trends. In the present study, we do not analyse the article Studia nad Dantem (1847) because of its uncertain attribution (as we try to show).

The proto-industrial family and the perspectives of its demographic research in the 18th and the first half of the 19th century (an example of the village Stružinec in north-eastern Bohemia)

Proto-industrialization is an interesting phenomenon that has been discussed for more than half a century. The most disputed part of this theory is the demographic aspects. The submitted article focuses on research opportunities of the proto-industrial family in the 18th and 19th centuries; the research focuses on Stružinec u Lomnice nad Popelkou, a village in north-eastern Bohemia. Only a comprehensive study of demographic indicators makes it possible to establish the basic differences between the family in proto-industrial and agriculture-based areas.

Nineteenth-century Czech history in the light of Ukrainian historiography of the past three decades (1991–2020)

The article is an attempt to describe the achievements of contemporary Ukrainian historiography on the 19th century history of the Czechs and Czechia. The author analyzed syntheses, monographs and journal articles published in Ukraine in 1991–2020. In particular, three directions of research conducted in Ukraine were noticed: the Czech-Ukrainian intellectual, educational and cultural contacts in the Habsburg Monarchy, the Czech minority and its elites in the Ukrainian lands in the Russian Empire, and the history of the Czech lands in general.

Characteristics of Russia’s relations with the Kyrgyz tribes in the late 18th and early 19th century

The author of the article describes Russian relations with the Kyrgyz tribes from the late eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century. The main objective of Kyrgyz legations sent at that time to Russia was to acquire certain material goods. In relations with neighbouring powers the elders of the Kyrgyz tribes were guided by several principles. Firstly, they wanted to maintain the position of the only ruler in their tribes and clans. Secondly, to this end, the elders shifted between neighbouring powers (Russia, China and the Khanate of Kokand). Thirdly, the Kyrgyz ensured that no one interfered in their relations with the Kazakhs, with whom they shared common confession (Islam). Up until 1840s Russian politics towards the Kyrgyz tribes essentially focused on protection of merchant caravans which passed through Kirgiz lands on their way to East Turkestan. In later time Russia sought to create from the Kyrgyz territory a buffer zone between itself, China and the Khanate of Kokand.

The Idiom of Russian Music as an Inspiration for Preludes of Polish Composers of the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries

This article presents the results of research on the impact of Russian music on preludes of Polish composers active at the turn of the 19 th and 20 th - centuries. The study focuses on characteristics of selected Russian composers determined by Marina Frolova-Walker, Richard Taruskin, and Piotr Kędzierski. Specific features of the Russian idiom, which proves its inspiring role, were found in the preludes of Karol Szymanowski, Witold Maliszewski, and Roman Statkowski.