The aim of this article is to present the development and structure of the judiciary in the Vatican City State, which is an absolute and elective monarchy, while the Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church enjoys full legislative, executive and judicial power. In turn, the system of public authorities’ power has a complex structure and is completely different from the construction of the political system in other countries. This in turn implies the original judicial structure in the Vatican City State.

The Concept of Legitimacy on the Example of the Status of a Judge in Polish Constitutional Law

The subject of the analysis is the definition of legitimacy of the systemic status of a judge. The author has previously reconstructed two lexical understandings of the term “legitimacy”, which he defined as “state” and “process,” respectively. The thesis, that the way of defining the term “legitimacy” as “process” is adequate for analyzing the legitimacy of a judge’s constitutional position is the apex for further research. The author has formulated his own definition of legitimacy, referring to the judge’s systemic status. This is a particularly momentous task given the complexity of the construct of legitimacy, as well as the prevailing terminological confusion in the doctrine. The problem of legitimacy with regard to judges is crucial not only in terms of the legitimacy of their constitutional position, but also in terms of a possible finding of lack of legitimacy, given the consequences of this.