The parties empowered to lodge a constitutional complaint under the Polish model are defined in Article 79(1) of the Polish Constitution, stating that: “Everyone whose constitutional freedoms or rights have been infringed, shall have the right to appeal to the Constitutional Tribunal (...). The above quoted article is considered to have the fundamental significance in the process of identification of the parties entitled to lodge a constitutional complaint, so in other words, provides a clear answer to the question who can effectively lodge such a complaint in order for the adequate proceedings to be officially opened (however – which is explainedin detail in this article – having fulfilled certain specifi ed objective conditions).

The article presents the results of exploring the purposes of using digital tools to support student learning at universities. This comprises some identified types of digital tools and the frequency of their use by academic staff, which varies due to their level of digital literacy. Then the collected data is provided concerning the numbers of academic staff using basic electronic communication methods. The above data were collected in Polish and Czech universities and later compared to each other. The presented study was conducted over the period 2015–2016 within the IRNet project – International research network for study and development of new tools and methods for advanced pedagogical science in the field of ICT instruments, e-learning and intercultural competences in Poland (University of Silesia, Faculty of Ethnology and Educational Science in Cieszyn) and the Czech Republic (University of Ostrava, Pedagogical Faculty). The undertaken research was aimed at recognizing academic teachers’ activities concerning their support in university students’ learning process.

The study comprises the presentation of an authorial approach to cultural identity, viewed from the perspective of the communities (consisting of children, parents and teachers) of schools with Polish as the teaching language in Australia and some selected European countries (Austria, France, the Czech Republic). In reference to the culturalistic model of identity, the characteristics of the most frequent identity behaviours of these communities were provided in the ethnic, national, integrative and mixed dimension. The author also indicates the contemporary contexts of identity shaping, which are determined by migration processes and multiculturalism. By formulating the most important conclusions resulting from the research, the need is indicated for implementing intercultural education in schools with Polish as the teaching language. Among other things, this will enhance the shaping of a multidimensional feeling of identity.

The theoretical and methodological framework of the undertaken issue is indicated by basic notional categories - culture, value and valuing orientations. While analyzing the philosophical and educational context, assumptions of social and cultural anthropology were applied (with a special focus on its anthropocentric-cultural current), (phenomenologically orientated) axiology and cognitive psychology (with the use of its cognitive-developmental theories). Assumption was also made concerning the exploration of youth’s image of the axiological world and the valuing orientations manifested by them, that make it possible to learn the way(s) rooted in culture and experience, in which learners understand themselves, Others and the world.

In the pedagogical analysis of the undertaken issues, some theoretical and methodological conceptualizations have been applied that refer to: Ward H. Goodenough’s axiological concept of culture as a set of values, Paweł Boski’s theory of the cultural identity based on values and practices in bior multicultural socialization, Tadeusz Lewowicki’s theory of identity behaviours, constructivist perspective and Harold J. Noah’s model of the comparison of academic education. The assumption was also made that the research into the feeling of association with selected social groups manifested by students from the PolishCzech borderland enables one to learn the way(s) in which students understand themselves, the others and the world – the way(s) anchored in their own experience and culture. The differences in the declared by students the feeling of association with selected social groups point to a visible tendency to the young generation’s identification with different communities – of their homeland, local, regional, or more broadly, European or supraEuropean ones. The construction of their own identity by university students means drifting apart from its homogenous dimension and getting closer to discovering the conscious choice of an enriched, multidimensional identity, which is most often determined by processes of the democratization of social life, which take place at various paces and in different scopes. Contrary to their Polish peers, the identity profile of Czech students has mostly a national dimension and is characterized by a clear preference for their own ethnic (national) group in regard to identity, language and social contacts.

Podjęte rozważania koncentrują się na kwestiach dotyczących przejawianych przez młodzież akademicką identyfikacji narodowych. W pedagogicznej analizie podjętej problematyki przyjęto konceptualizacje teoretyczno-metodologiczne, nawiązujące do: Pawła Boskiego teorii tożsamości kulturowej opartej na wartościach i praktykach w warunkach dwu- i wielokulturowej socjalizacji, Tadeusza Lewowickiego teorii zachowań tożsamościowych oraz teorii kontaktu międzygrupowego i wzajemnego różnicowania międzygrupowego, wywodzących się z hipotezy kontaktu. Podstawą do nakreślenia zachodzących procesów identyfikacyjnych w okresie aktualnych zmian społecznych stały się badania porównawcze przeprowadzone w latach 2018-2019 na pograniczu polsko-czeskim. Analiza oraz interpretacja zgromadzonego materiału empirycznego wskazują na zachodzące zmiany w obszarze kryterialnych oraz korelatywnych atrybutów tożsamościowych polskich i czeskich studentów. Są one warunkowane innymi czynnikami niż kulturyzacją i socjalizacją rodzinną, jak również zachodzącymi w różnym stopniu i zakresie zarówno w przeszłości, jak i współcześnie procesami asymilacyjnymi na polsko-czeskim pograniczu.

In the philosophical-pedagogical analysis of the undertaken issues, some theoretical and methodological conceptualizations have been applied that refer to Paweł Boski’s theory of the cultural identity based on values and practices in bi-or multicultural socialization and Harold J. Noah’s model of the comparison of academic education. The assumption was also made that the research into the quality of life of Polish and Ukrainian university students enables one to learn the way(s) in which students understand themselves, the others and the world - the way(s) anchored in their own experience and culture. The undertaken studies also address the important problem of forming students’ identity in the stage of the so called emerging adulthood. It occurs in the countries where a knowledge-based economy dominates and where the intensive changes both decrease the young’s motivation to engage in adult roles and make the young postpone them.

In the pedagogical analysis undertaken in this study, some theoretical and methodological conceptualizations were applied, referring to the model of youth’s quality of life, developed on the basis of qualitative material collected in the course of international comparative studies – Tadeusz Lewowicki’s Theory of Identity Behaviors and Harold J. Noah’s model of comparing the quality of academic education. The basis for outlining the relationship between students’ life satisfaction and their sense of identity in the local, regional, national, European and supra-European dimension was the comparative research conducted in 2019–2021 in the Polish-Czech-Slovak borderland. The analysis and interpretation of the collected empirical material show that – although the neighbouring countries have undergone political changes, they belong to the European Union, and they collaborate in many areas – the living standards, but above all the influences in the educational sphere, the models and social values, as well as in lifestyles, are significantly different.

The culture of inquiry in moral thought had already introduced the method of eliciting judgement about images and stories through open-ended questions in the first third of the 20th century. In our research, we investigated the moral reasoning of students. We sought to answer how pupils in public, Catholic, and Waldorf schools judge moral dilemmas in fictional stories. Students’ (N=1144) responses to single-choice selective closed-ended (yes or no?) and open-ended (why?) questions about the reason for their choice were used to judge the decisions of the characters in three realistic, believable, age-appropriate stories. In the first story, taking unlawful advantage was accepted most by public school students and least by Catholic school students. In the second story, the actors’ solution method was rejected mainly by Waldorf students, with social justification. In the third story, there was no significant difference between the perceptions of the school models’ pupils, with a similar pattern of rejection. The results are only valid for Hungary.

The article presents the results of a comparative study focusing on the right to conscientious objection in constitutions of modern states. This right is primarily associated with military service. In approximately a dozen constitutions, it stands as an independent, general right to conscientious objection. The constitutional scope of the given right is typically broad, with lawmakers seldom specifying the sources or conditions for its exercise. The contentious nature of the analysed right causes its explicit challenge in several constitutions. Case law, especially that of constitutional courts, reveals that the normative presence and the specifics of the right to conscientious objection within a particular legal system may not necessarily originate directly from constitutional provisions. Court decisions rendered in various countries sometimes attribute a constitutional character to this right, even when the fundamental law does not explicitly articulate it. Conversely, there are occasional restrictive interpretations of unequivocal constitutional provisions regarding conscientious objection.