The study aimed at discovering whether gender, age, and different cultural background may be associated with procrastination. Therefore, procrastination tendencies by students of Polish nationality residing in Poland with Polish students living in Austria were compared. All participants completed the Pure Procrastination Scale that measured the degree of self-reported procrastination. Results revealed higher procrastination scores by emerging adults living in Poland than Austria. Males from the Polish diaspora reported more procrastination behaviors than females. In contrast, procrastination was higher among Polish female than male citizens. Delaying tasks were higher in older than younger respondents within the Polish sample; for students in the Polish diaspora, procrastination decreased with age.

We examined a retrospective assessment of their parenting style and its relation to procrastination. Most studies focus on parents’ reports; therefore, we sought to determine how children see it. The association between parenting style and the behaviour of their offspring seems obvious. Nevertheless, reports on associations between parenting styles and procrastination raise questions. All the more so because procrastination results in academic and work failures, the disruption of family life, and mental and health problems. The target group encompassed 130 Polish high school students (92 girls and 38 boys), all aged 17, and came from middle-class families. We used two tests: the Parental Authority Questionnaire and the Pure Procrastination Scale. The correlation analysis did not confirm the relationship between procrastination and gender or the number of siblings. The study showed that parenting style is essential for children’s well-being, self-regulation, and academic achievements, which are closely linked to procrastination behaviours. The coupled parenting styles of both parents have a greater impact on children’s well-being, self-regulation, and academic achievements than the mother’s and father’s styles considered separately. It shows a need to offer parents support in the raising of their children, which should be taken into consideration by educators and policymakers.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of academic procrastination to coping strategies with test anxiety and to explore whether there are significant differences in using these strategies between procrastinators and non-procrastinators. The study sample comprised 455 high school students (mean age was 17.04 years). Two scales were used one for measuring academic procrastination and the other for measuring coping strategies with test anxiety. The scale of coping strategies is composed of four subscales: Danger control (e.g., using time effectively), anxiety control (e.g., relaxation), anxiety repression (e.g., denial of a situation that produces test anxiety), and situation control (e.g., cheating). Data were analysed using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, median-split method and t-tests. Results revealed that academic procrastination correlated positively and significantly with anxiety repression and situation control, and correlated negatively and significantly with anxiety and danger control. In addition, the results showed that anxiety repression was the most common strategy used by procrastinators, while anxiety danger was the most common strategy used by non-procrastinators. Significant differences were found between procrastinators and non-procrastinators in using coping strategies, where procrastinators used more strategies of anxiety repression and situation control, whereas non-procrastinators used more strategies of danger control and anxiety control.