Cooperation in competitive sport in the Eastern Bloc – an example of Polish-Romanian contacts (1948–1953)

The authors of the article carried out an analysis of sports contacts between Poland and Romania in the time of Stalinism by taking into account the ideological and organisational changes in both countries’ sport as well as sport rivalry. Of importance was also presenting the implementation of the Soviet model of physical culture in Poland and Romania coupled with difficulties and barriers to sports cooperation between Poland and Romania.

Kooperace ve vrcholovém sportu v zemích východního bloku na příkladu polsko-rumunských kontaktů (1948–1953)

W wyniku rozpadu bloku wschodniego wiele państw uzyskało niepodległość i suwerenność, w tym zdolność do prowadzenia samodzielnej polityki naukowej. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy podział geograficzny uwzględniający państwa europejskie i azjatyckie różnicował poziom ich aktywności naukowej (z wyłączeniem Federacji Rosyjskiej). Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz wskazują, że państwa europejskie mają istotnie wyższy udział wydatków na badania i rozwój oraz zatrudniają znacznie większą liczbę pracowników w sektorze R&D (ang. research and development) niż państwa azjatyckie. Jednocześnie autorzy afiliujący w państwach azjatyckich mają nieznacznie wyższy udział publikacji pisanych we współpracy z autorami o afiliacji z innych państw, co może wskazywać na przyjęcie strategii intensyfikacji międzynarodowej współpracy naukowej.

Constitutional freedom of scientific research and bibliometric impact. The condition of publications with international impact in the countries of the former Eastern Bloc

The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union significantly changed the maps of Europe and Asia. As a rule, the constitutions of the newly independent or newly created states guaranteed the freedom of scientific research; however, in practice this principle, measured by the number of publications with international impact, has been implemented in different ways. This article aims to determine the patterns of international collaboration on academic publications adopted in the countries of the former Eastern Bloc, and suggests possible explanations of differences between them. The research led to identification of four such patterns: 1) isolation from foreign research, 2) effective independence, 3) ineffective collaboration, 4) effective collaboration.

The purpose of this article is to present the operational capabilities of the OSCE in regulating armed conflicts and their application in the former Eastern bloc countries. In order to show the role of the OSCE in the regulation of armed conflicts, OSCE operational capabilities have been structured in a conceptual grid including: OSCE regulatory tools – in the form of missions, field offices and field coordinators; regulatory mechanisms and emergency mechanisms applied in the light of the peaceful pathways of OSCE involvement in the regulatory process. The common feature of operation at each phase is the broadly understood maintenance of stability or achieving stability. There are armed conflicts against which the OSCE has selectively used regulatory activity, omitting certain phases of the conflict, and those against which the application of regulatory tools has not led to lasting stabilisation. The results presented in the paper confirm the correctness of considering the above theories against the background of the conflict cycle concept. Institutional and legal analysis and comparative analysis were used in this paper.