The Cursed or Damned Soldiers

This article presents the place, as well as political and military role of the Polish reactionary guerilla in 1944-1948, identified mainly with the National Army Forces (NSZ), named colloquially as „cursed soldiers”. The great part of the Polish people uses, however, the cathegory of „damned soldiers”, which casts the political class and ascribes negative evaluation to this unit. The civil war and the reactionary querilla in the 1940s years are now presented by the reactionary right forces such as the party „Law and Justice” (PiS) as the „inflexible soldiers”, which did not surrender after the War World II and they battled against the People’s Republic of Poland. Under the German occupation they struggled against Polish leftand Soviet parisants and were also collaborating with the Wehrmacht and Gestapo (the Saint Cross Brigade of the NSZ). After WW II they murdered about 20.000 activists and functionaries of leftist political parties, of the state and local governments. Currently, they are presented as new heroes, which is a great historical lie, which established the new ideologic-political myth of the reactionary right forces in Poland as a fundament of the IV Polish Republic. In 1944-1945, Poland decided to chang the military and political situation in the result of liberation from German occupation by the Red Army and the Polish Army. In July, there was established the Polish Committee of the National Liberation, which introduced the people’s democracy, the agrar reform and the social progress. In December 1944, there was founded the Provisionally Government and in June 1945 the Provisionally Government of the National Unity, which were internationally acknowledged by all great powers and states of world. Since then, the Warsaw government had not only revolutionary and political mandate, but also international support to consquently eliminate the military underground („cursed”), which later changed in the terrorist-plunder gangs. At that time, they lost former glory and political authority, especially after the referndum in 1946, the parliamentary election in 1947, and after the amnesty of 1947, which strengthened the current leftin Poland. The National Armed Forces (NSZ) which operated in 1944-1948 are remembered by Poles not as the „cursed soldiers”, but as the „damned soldiers”, who used terror against the civilian people and introduced in Poland the political destabilization and wanted to provoke the III World War. They were armed conterrevolutionists, who buttled against the people’s, democracy and the political power of the working class. They were against new born Polish People’s Republic.

The Impact of the International Situation on the Shape of the Twentieth-Century Polish Constitutions

The subject of the article is the issue of the impact of the international situation on the shape of Polish twentieth-century fundamental laws and the determination of how the Polish constitutional legislator made it possible to implement the assumptions of Polish foreign policy. The first part of the article discusses the impact of the international situation on the provisions of the Constitutions of 1921 and 1935, with particular emphasis on the provisions relating to wartime. The second part of the article draws attention to the issues of political changes related to Poland’s membership in the Eastern Bloc countries. The third part of the article concerns the impact of the geopolitical situation on the shape of constitutional reforms during the period of Poland’s political transformation. The last part of the article analyzes the impact of Polish aspirations for European integration and NATO accession on the shape of the currently binding Constitution of 1997.