Noir creators of the 1940s, like Jacques Tourneur, had a specific way of presenting worlds behind the silver screen. Their movies were visibly different than everything else Hollywood had to offer at that time. Marked by dark colors, inhabited by gritty, lost individuals, noir worlds seem hostile yet they also attract the audience in a perverse manner. Moreover, noir creators defy truth as it is. To discover it a person has to become an investigator, and study the noir movie like a murder case. Every element of the puzzle counts, as the film’s purpose is to deceive the audience. Analyzing both outside, mimetic tools of the filmmaker and inside, diegetic elements incorporated in a story-world is vital to understand how noir successfully plays with the idea of truth.

The subject of the article is references to the truth in the constitutions of modern states. The comparative study shows multiplicity of contexts in which the category of truth is mentioned in several dozen fundamental laws. The mention of truth in the constitutions as a component of the axiology of the legal and social order, the basis of transitional justice or the principle of court and administrative proceedings should be assessed positively. However, making the truth a limit of freedom of speech raises serious reservations. Granting constitutional protection only to truthful statements can stifle the public debate on socially prominent issues. The conducted analysis does not confirm the thesis of political liberalism that the truth is irrelevant for law and politics.

Corruption as a disorder of interpersonal communication in the teachings of Pope Francis

The Pope, as the head of the Church and the head of the State, is obliged to undertake appropriate forms of criticism and counteract the improper functioning of the institutions of the Church and the State. The point is that the task of politics and the state is to strive for the common good, and one of its functions is to integrate society. In both cases, there must be undisturbed communication, and this is precisely what corruption is disturbing. In the teachings of Pope Francis, a corruption disorders a communication in a way that it creates crisis of trust and arouses suspicion among the people. It ignores the truth which is a guarantee of clarity and understanding. The corruption, that grows and continues to evolve, is transmissible and it justifies itself by creating its own doctrine. Corruption is a rejection of solidarity. Pope Francis says about halitosis and sclerosis of a spiritual heart. He says about a sin and a corruption. Corruption evokes a social paralysis, which unfortunately is paid for by the poorest. Francis claims that it is not enough to sentence corrupted people, but it is important to pray for their conversion.