Wzrastająca reprezentacja osób starych w polskim społeczeństwie nie poprawia społecznego odbioru tej kategorii wieku, lecz powoduje upowszechnianie negatywnych stereotypów starości, a także intensyfikację zachowań ageistycznych. Konkretne metody przeciwdziałania czy też sposoby eliminowania muszą być wielotorowe i nie powiodą się bez zakrojonej na szeroką skalę edukacji społecznej w zakresie nieuchronności starzenia się i starości; bez wprowadzenia niezbędnych zmian legislacyjnych, bez włączenia problematyki stereotypizacji starości i ageizmu do systemu kształcenia osób zajmujących się zawodowo osobami starymi.

Institutional protection of rights to health benefits for adult and elderly people in terminal states of illnesses

Ageing of the Polish society entails the importance of securing caring and medicinal services of the growing population of seniors and people in terminal states of illnesses. The aim of this article is to assess legal framework concerning institutional protection of rights of people in terminal states of illnesses, in the context of the scale of terminal states of illnesses and the need for services aimed at terminally ill and their families.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the elderly in a special way. On the one hand, it contributed to the increase in health deficits and those related to social isolation. On the other hand, it also had a significant impact on the level and methods of support provided to seniors. The pandemic situation turned out to be a particular challenge for local governments and non-governmental organisations operating in various areas of senior policy. The general aim of the article was to analyse the state’s initiatives aimed at counteracting the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic addressed to seniors and examples of activities of the local government and the civil sector cooperating with it for the benefit of this group of people. In turn, the specific objective was to identify and understand the greatest difficulties that seniors had during the pandemic and the role played by the non-governmental organisation (both during the pandemic and as an entity of potential support in the future, which was particularly interesting given the European Union promoting services provided in the local environment). In connection with the specific objective, qualitative research was carried out using the in-depth interview method. The interviews were based on scripts that concerned four areas: problems and experiences of the elderly during the pandemic, help and support, communication, health, and well-being.

Psychological features of legitimized aggression in the elderly

The article covers a theoretical review of foreign literature on the problem of aggression in the elderly. The psychological characteristic of the outlined phenomenon is given and the urgency of conducting empirical investigations in this direction is substantiated. A review of scientific achievements in the field of psychology showed that the specific of legitimized aggression in retirees is not sufficiently developed and studied scientific problem. The purpose of the study is to establish the specifics of legitimized aggression in women and men of retirement age. The sample consisted of elderly people aged 60 to 70 years, with a total number of 40 people. The first group included 20 women of retirement age, the second - 20 retired men. “Questionnaire of Legitimized Aggression” by S. Enikolopov and M. Tsybulsky was used to identify the psychological features of legitimized aggression. Student’s t-test for independent samples was used for mathematical and statistical data processing. Empirical research has shown that older women are characterized by aggressive behavior, which is reflected in the most acceptable forms of society, such as communication, education, seeking to teach others, sharing experiences, knowledge or expressing their own. thoughts. Women prefer not to show their negative feelings in public, as evidenced by not high enough on all scales of legitimized aggression. Retirement women are well-versed in situations where their aggressive behavior can be noticed, so they try not to show their feelings to the general public, as this can negatively affect their reputation. As for the group of elderly men, they are clear representatives of legitimized aggression, who can skillfully justify and disguise their own aggressive behavior. Quite bold statements on the topic of politics, sports, education are a good opportunity for them to demonstrate rich personal experience on the issues outlined and prove their rightness, thereby strengthening their authority and competence in the eyes of others. In our opinion, this trend is quite alarming, since such behavioral reactions are quite often provocative in nature and become a reason for the emergence of conflict situations.

Selected Pro-Frequency (Pro-Participation) Regulations in the Electoral Code from a Social and Legal-Constitutional Perspective

The article analyzes selected amendments to the Electoral Code introduced by the law of January 26, 2023, which aim (according to the drafters) to increase voter turnout. Although the goal of the amendment should be considered legitimate, its implementation raises concerns. The study aims to present the regulations contained in Articles 37e-37g and to assess the doubts related to them, concerning: their procedure (e.g., the short period between the submission of the draft and the start of its consideration, or the vague justification of the proposed changes, or the lack of reference of the justification to objectified data) and their content (e.g., the legitimacy of adopting an age limit of 60 years while omitting residents of urban municipalities deprived of free transportation if in their municipality on election day public transportation does not function, or the distance between the nearest transportation stop and the polling place exceeds 1.5 km)