The subject of the article is the analysis of the provisions of the Art. 35 (2) of the Act on Local Referendum against the background of the Art. 31 (3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, creating the conditions for admissibility of formulating restrictions on the use of constitutionally specified provisions the rights and freedoms of the individual. The aim of the study is to determine whether the statutory regulation under review remains compliant with the constitutional principle of proportionality regarding the citizen’s right to a court. The main thesis is that the disposition of the Art. 35 (2) of the Local Referendum Act does not infringe the individual’s rights related to the pursuit of claims related to unreliable referendum campaigns.

Constitutional Standards and a Financial Penalty for Violation of the Obligation to Notify Prefect About the Purchase or Sale of a Vehicle

The application of administrative sanctions, especially in the financial dimension, in the context of the protection of individual rights, is particularly important in connection with the development of this type of administrative influence in the public sphere. In establishing them, compliance with the constitutional standards imposed on administrative fines, in relation to the principle of proportionality of regulations, is an issue of particular importance in view of their development. Currently, such a matter is the penalty provided for in the Road Traffic Act, which is imposed on the vehicle owner due to the breach of the obligation to notify the staroste within 30 days about the sale or purchase of the vehicle. The fulfillment of this obligation is secured by a severe financial sanction. Due to the scope of the impact of the penalty, basically covering every transaction and doubts as to the correct definition and application of provisions, noticeable, inter alia, in the jurisprudence of administrative courts, this issue should be considered important both for the theory of law and the practice of its application. The statutory solutions adopted in this respect are worth assessing in terms of their compliance, in particular with the constitutional principle of proportionality, because it is noticeable that it has been omitted in the implementation of the goal which was the basis for introducing this sanction.

Signs of Crimes in the Light of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

The article discusses the role of constitutional principles in the process of constructing and assessing the characteristics of crimes in a democratic state ruled by law. In particular, the text discusses the essence of the features of a prohibited act and indicates the scope of criminal liability under Art. 42 section 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and describes the impact of the principle of nullum crimen sine lege and the principle of proportionality on the issue of the characteristics of crimes. The conclusions drawn from this analysis may become an indication for the legislator on how to construct the elements of prohibited acts so that these regulations are consistent with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. These features constitute the basis for the accusation and also set the limits of the activities of law enforcement agencies. Their role in protecting legal order is therefore invaluable.