Gender aspects of creativity by Joseph Conrad in English studies.

The article is devoted to the analysis of gender discourse in the artistic heritage of the English classics, a Pole by birth, Joseph Conrad, by modern studies, often in coverage of racial, national, political, postcolonial and other issues.

The Male Characters in L’arte della gioia by Goliarda Sapienza

The aim of the paper is to analyse, using the structuralist approach, the structure of the male characters in L’arte della gioia by Goliarda Sapienza and the meaning—universal or local, symbolic or real—attributed by the writer to them, through the example of six male figures. This approach allows us to delve into the literary text, leaving the biographical, historical, and ideological context outside of the analysis, focusing on internal dynamics that are purely literary. Modesta’s father and her husband, as universal figures of a patriarchal system, illustrate and symbolise the subversion of its laws by Modesta. Modesta’s lovers, Carmino and Carlo, are models of real accomplishments of important male roles (father, husband, lover) whose representation is limited by geopolitical stereotypes. Pietro, Modesta’s loyal gabellotto, embodies local, Sicilian relationships and, as a result, he symbolises the persistence of archaic laws of Sicilian society. With Prando, Modesta’s son, Sapienza realistically illustrates the passage from adolescence to masculinity by showing some universal rules that occur in this transition. The structure of the male characters turns out to be geometric and very clear and is proof of the writer’s great literary awareness and writing skills.

The research presented in the article focused on negative prescriptive stereotypes of femininity and masculinity. The aim of the research performed was to identify definitions of non-femininity and non-masculinity of student women. The study was conducted using a diagnostic survey method and a self-completed survey questionnaire on a randomly selected sample of 1152 female students. Statistical processing was performed in the PS IMAGO statistical package. Analysis revealed that female students’ definitions of non-femininity and non-masculinity mainly reflect the traditional model of femininity and masculinity, but attitudes towards the obligatory validity of this model are waning.

Gender features of the formation of the operational component of readyness of future psychologists for professional careers

The article considers the issues of gender identity of future psychologists and relations with the level of formation of the operational component of their readiness for a professional career. Methods of theoretical research: analysis, synthesis, generalization, modeling, grouping, etc.; methods of empirical research: observation, experiment, questionnaire – questionnaire «Professional career of students» (authors – L. Karamushka, T. Kanivets), testing – method «Masculinityfemininity » (S. Bem); method «Diagnosis of behavioral activity strategies» (L. Wasserman, M. Humeniuk), content analysis. According to the results of the study, an idea of the gender composition of the sample of future psychologists was formed: 46.25% – androgynous type of gender identity, 35% - masculine type, 18.75% – feminine type. The reason for the uneven distribution of types of gender identity with a significant predominance of androgynous may be the transformation of modern society and the departure from clear boundaries between gender roles. To study the level of formation of the operational component of the readiness of future psychologists to pursue a professional career, the main indicators were studied: 1) the level of development of their own activity in preparation for a professional career; 2) the level of development of behavioral activity of students of psychology in general.As a result of the generalized analysis of the data received on separate indicators, it is defined that there is a difference in levels of formation of an operational component of readiness for realization of professional career: % and 24.9%) and a lower percentage of low level (20.75% vs. 22.4% and 28.5%). We can explain this by saying that the androgynous type is the most adapted in modern society. In order to function more productively in today’s world, individuals need to have a range of qualities and traits that combine both traditionally female and traditionally male. Significant differences are observed in the indicator of general behavioral activity: in representatives of the androgynous type this indicator is much more formed (high level was recorded in 37.8% of androgynous future psychologists, 20% of feminine and 17.8% of masculine). This means that this part of the sample is characterized by such features as active and focused business, the ability to balance their activities, emotional stability in behavior, relative resilience, good adaptation to different activities, which will greatly contribute to a successful professional career. . In general, the results indicate an insufficient level of formation of the operational component of the psychological readiness of future psychologists to pursue a professional career and the need to improve it. Although, almost the majority of respondents have the potential and reserves to improve various areas of behavioral activity.

«Killing of the mother» as a sign of national mental mutation under colonial and totalitarian pressure (illustrated on the twentieth-century ukrainian lyrics (the 1920–1930th)

The article deals with the specific art representation of moral, ethic, psychical shifts of the national masculine character in Ukrainian lyrics of the first third of XXth century. They are conveyed in particular through the masculine intention to destroy the maternal figure of Motherland. Sometimes aggressiveness and hostility expressed in the poetic texts are equal to symbolical “killing of the Mother”, if taking into consideration a convergence of the images of Mother and Motherland in poetic consciousness. The article employs analytical and structural as well as historical and typological literary techniques. The theoretical base of the investigation is postcolonial theory integrated with psychoanalysis as well as gender studies to deal effectively with such concepts as maternal figure of the Motherland, national colonial masculinity, masculine art consciousness, the notions of trauma, aggression and others as well. This theoretical direction can provide help with outlining of the “killing of the Mother” symptom as Ukrainian poets’ destructive gesture toward their Motherland represented in the 1920th proletarian poetry (Vasyl Ellan-Blakytnyi, Volodymyr Sosiura, Heo Shkurupii) and also in a number of works of emigrant poets between two World Wars (Yevhen Malaniuk, Ostap Tarnavskii and others). Diverse lyric tendencies to express the urge to kill the Mother extrapolated on the image of Ukraine are highlighted. Ethic transformation of Ukrainians poets’ patriotic feelings is predicated upon different reasons, but the common one is that they had equally suffered colonial and totalitarian pressure of Soviet Russia. The moods of depiction of Ukraine’s “death” are, on the contrary, differentiate; in the 1920th, proletarian Ukrainian poets defused the tension between Bolshevistic and nationalistic ideologies through splitting the image of Ukraine into the negative “bourgeois” one and the positive “proletarian” one. In some works of emigrant poets devaluated image of Ukraine acquires demonic “deathly” features and is dishonored as “a betrayer”.

The purpose of this paper is to present the analyses of the discursive strategies of constructing gender difference in the articles published in the Science in Poland bulletin. This bulletin is an important platform for the popularization of Polish and world science. It is funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland. In the article, I assume that gender is a socially constructed structure (including discursive) level, about the difference between men and women, especially anatomically. Starting from the assumptions of the theory of discourse, which is understood as the process of producing and reproducing social meaning, the analysis includes articles published on the website between 2005 and 2010. In the first part of the paper, I introduce the definition of gender and gender beliefs, which are an important context for the analysis. Then, the content and the method of research (the analysis of discourse) are characterized. In the last part of the paper, the results of research characterizing the main discursive strategies reproducing gender in polarized, homogeneous, and universal categories are presented.

The article presents a survey of empirical studies and meta-analyses on the similarities and differences in the emotionality of women and men. Women’s and men’s emotions are analyzed in terms of their experiencing and expression. Special attention is paid to emotions connected with caring and aggression. Differences and similarities are presented in different age groups.