In this article the author attempts to describe the most important reasons of revolt of the Kyrgyz people in 1916.

This article reveals the main reasons, stages and consequences of the Central Asian peoples revolt against the Russian authorities during the World War I.

The Act of 5th November and the international nature of the Polish cause during World War I. Comments provided by a diplomacy historian

The author engages in polemics with the thesis that the Act of 5th November was a breakthrough in Poland’s efforts to regain its statehood. However, this declaration of establishment of the Polish state made by the governments in Berlin and Vienna and the Western powers (France and Great Britain) were not able to force Russia to acknowledge Poland’s independence. There was no such need as the other countries wanted Russia to forge an alliance as part of the Triple Entente.

The Prussian Partition in the face of the Act of 5th November

This article is an attempt at presenting the reception of the so-called Act of 5th November 1916 in the Prussian Partition. The author has focused primarily on how this political declaration was perceived by the Polish political elites in the Poznań province.

“A bit too late and too little, but at least it’s something”. Poles in Galicia’s attitudes towards the Act of 5th November 1916

The outbreak of WWI offered hope to Poles from Eastern Europe’s Galicia that the so-called Austria-Poland solution would ensue. In the face of military and political weakness of Austria-Hungary, the idea failed to take root. The proclamation of the Act of 5th November 1916 indicated that the Polish state would be reconstructed under the auspices of the Second Reich. This arouse resentment among Poles living in Galicia who had hoped to be united with their compatriots in the Kingdom of Poland.

Artist No Longer. French and British press about Jan Paderewski’s come back to Poland in December 1918

This publication is devoted to the mission undertaken by Ignacy Jan Paderewski in December 1918, his arrival in Poland, through his visit to Poznań, until the successful political talks with Józef Piłsudski and the formation of a coalition government, which led to the recognition of the Warsaw authorities by the Entente countries and establishing the composition of the Polish delegation to the Paris peace conference shown the French and British press. The chronological scope of the article covers a relatively short period, which is, however, crucial for the reconstruction of independent Poland. For its needs, the outgoing press in France and Great Britain was reviewed and articles describing Paderewski’s activities at that time were analyzed. To achieve this purpose, the French and British newspaper titles were selected that represented different political circles and achieved a significant circulation. This publication is mainly based on the method of analyzing press sources, using the philological method, which in this case involves translating the texts of press articles from French and English. However, the key research method used to write this article is the comparative method, consisting in juxtaposing information relating to the same events at the turn of 1918 and 1919 in the French and British press, and pointing to similarities and differences in the terminology used and the assessment of Ignacy Paderewski and its activities.

Attitudes and Contributions of the Members of the Voluntary League of Women, 1918–1922

Ochotnicza LigaKobiet was the first regular military formation feminine on Polish soil, which was created in 1918. During the Polish-Ukrainian struggle for Lwów. A year later, during the Polish-Soviet War, he founded OLK 2 in Vilnius. The growing threat of the Soviet Union meant that in 1920. Formation was reorganized and in August this year took part in the Battle of Warsaw. Portrait collective members OLK both representatives of the officers, as usual serial – Sentinel, courier or administrative workers. For obvious reasons, the most famous were the first of these, which often continued its operations after the termination of formation – in the interwar period, and later during World War II. These include the, m.in.: the initiator and founder of OLK – Lt.-Col. Aleksandra Zagorska, see. Wanda Gertz – commander of the Legion of Vilnius, Sec. Irena Jędrychowska – Battalion commander OLK in Poznan, Sec. Maria Chojecka – battalion commander campaign administrative OLK in Warsaw, Lieutenant. Halina Kowalska – commander OLK branch in Grudziądz.A large part of the representatives of officers OLK was educated and came from landowning families or intellectual, where the cultivated tradition of independence. They were also often involved in the work of independence before the outbreak of World War I, and thus represented by patriotic attitudes they have been shaped before joining OLK. As a result, in the course of military service, they were characterized by a special commitment and often were successful. Their achievements were appreciated by giving them badges and managerial functions. It is worth noting that the decorations and received praise not only representatives of the officers, but also non-commissioned officers or serial, which were also exemplary soldiers.In conclusion, we can say that the period of operation of OLK was an important step in the military participation of women, and even though the formation was liquidated, gained by its members experience became a vehicle for the development of the movement of military training of women in the interwar period.

“Notes from the Great Times” and “Memoirs from the Years 1916–1918”. Ludomil German and his notes from the First World War the Years 1916–1918”.

The article presents the last years of the life of Ludomił German (1851–1921), a Galician teacher and school inspector, playwright, translator and politician. He was an activist of the Democratic-National Party and Polish Democratic Party, member of the Austrian parliament in Vienna (1907–1918) and the National Parliament in Lviv (1912–1914), vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies and vice-president of the Polish Circle. During the World War I, he kept a diary in which he described his activities in the Supreme National Commitee (established on August 16th, 1914), the Polish Circle and the parliament, as well as the history of the Polish Legions, the struggle for their leadership and the efforts undertaken by the leaders of Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland to unificate the Polish lands and create a more or less independent Polish state. As a supporter of the trialist option (replacing the dualistic Austro-Hungarian Monarchy with the trialistic Austro-Hungary-Poland, created as a result of the joining of the Russian Kingdom of Poland to Galicia), he saw the place of Poles at the side of the Habsburgs almost until the end of the war. He spent the end of his life in Lviv, where he also died. His diary, divided into two parts, is kept in the collections of manuscripts of the Jagiellonian Library in Cracow, Poland (number 8537 I, „Notes from great times”, original) and in the Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv (Fond 5, number 6415, vol. I–III, „Memoirs of 1916–1918, copy).

American Poles on the frontlines of the Great War: contemporary symbol and content

The premise of this paper is to collect in a systematic way the existing research findings related to documenting the participation of Poles and Americans of Polish origin fighting in the ranks of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). The primary objective of the paper is to analyze the historical, military, and political dimensions of this participation. The paper is a study in historical politics, which translates into contemporary realities and concepts of political solutions. The following methods have been used as research tools: the historical, comparative, and statistical methods, as well as an analysis of the content of the press, in particular the Polish-American press. The subject matter required specifically a problem- oriented approach, but also a chronological one, documenting political and social processes directly related to the war, occurring after its end and translating into contemporary events. This paper is a broader exploration of this issue.

Military burials from World War I in Lvov and the Lvov region. Outline of the issue

The article is an attempt to introduce the little-known in Polish science issue of World War I war graves in Lviv and other localities of the Lviv district, i.e., Eastern Galicia/ Eastern Malopolska, in the lost lands. World War I war cemeteries and soldiers’ quarters were destroyed in Soviet Western Ukraine after World War II.