The paper is devoted to chosen aspects of the situation of a child with migration experience in a new socio-cultural reality. The analyses undertaken in the article show the dilemmas and difficulties which accompany an individual functioning in the conditions of cultural differences. The text consists of two complementary parts. The first one presents specificity of enculturation and acculturation processes (learning of own and new culture). The second part describes the threads related to experiencing cultural differences and their psychological and social consequences. The consideration included in the paper enrich the narratives of people who experienced/are experiencing migration (mainly in the childhood) which are the results of empirical research (Polish context). The article may be useful to everyone who is interested in the issues of socio-cultural adaptation of children with migration experience.

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono oddziaływanie pandemii COVID-19 na akulturację i strategie akulturacyjne studentów międzynarodowych w UE, USA i Australii. Pandemia wyostrzyła trudne i ryzykowne aspekty akulturacji studentów, przyśpieszając ją. Izolacja pandemiczna oraz chaos informacyjny spowodowany pandemią utrudniają badanym przejście od fazy szoku kulturowego do fazy zdrowienia/adaptacji. U tych, którzy przed pandemią zbliżali się do tego etapu, można zaobserwować zatrzymanie adaptacji i przyjęcie strategii wymuszonej separacji. Studenci wybierają strategie akulturacyjne - lub przez pandemię są skazani na takie wybory - które nie wiążą się z budowaniem relacji ze społeczeństwem przyjmującym: separację i marginalizację. Integracja pojawia się jedynie w kontekście relacji z innymi studentami międzynarodowymi, mieszkającymi w tym samym miejscu. Równocześnie studenci wyrażają obawy co tego, czy pandemia i jej skutki umożliwią im dalszą integrację ze społeczeństwem przyjmującym. To z kolei rodzi obawę przyszłego odpływu studentów międzynarodowych z UE, USA i Australii, czemu można zapobiec, zmieniając paradygmat myślenia o miejscu studentów międzynarodowych w systemach wspomnianych krajów.

National minorities in multiethnic society: the OSCE Ljubljana guidelines

The article is devoted to the research of legal base of the European Union, particularly guidelines by the OSCE High Commissioners on National Minorities. On the issue regarding the development of the major aspects of the life of national minorities related to their self-identificati on. There in the study the structural-functional and analytical scientific methods been implemented. The OSCE Ljubljana Guidelines on Integration of Divers Societies (2012) is as the subject of the study in general, with directions of integration of national minorities in a polytechnics society, in particular. The novelty of the article is to reveal the subject of research though the coverage of the theoretical foundations of the integration model of public policy, the phenomenon of acculturation. The aim is to consider the principles and provisions of the OSCE Ljubljana Guidelines on Integration of Divers Societies as per the integration of diverse societies; to identify an areas of public policy, which in this document is the main emphasis; to clarify the provisions of the Guidelines aimed at regulating the development of a language of national minorities through the field of education, provision’s specific features. The peculiarities of the formation of the public sphere in Ukraine as the single ethnic country identified. The position and scientific vision of some domestic researchers on the prospects of further development of ethnic component highlighted. Briefly described the basic principles of the theory of acculturation and their differences. Assumptions been made regarding further implementation by the State the integration model of during the regulation and introducing the public policy in Ukraine. Conclusion been drawn on the promising areas of implementation the OSCE Ljubljana Guidelines on Integration of Divers Societies in Ukraine, taking into the account the peculiarities of the transit stage of the society.

The article deals with bilingual education (teaching academic content in two languages), which provides general and further education to students of different nationalities. The United States is considered one of the most multilingual countries in the world, which is why the American experience in bilingual education is very valuable. Ukraine is a multinational country too. So, it is important to solve the problem of the introduction of bilingual education to determine the components of the content of such education and its main features for its effective functioning and development. The article considers the peculiarities of the content of bilingual education in US secondary education. Based on the analysis of the content of bilingual education in secondary schools in the United States, the most important components that can be used in Ukrainian secondary schools are identified. The article considers and compares the content of bilingual education in some American schools in different states. The introductory course of a bilingual secondary school includes compulsory and elective subjects. In the most populous states, bilateral bilingual programmes are common. They are the most effective and therefore prestigious, but also costly. Low-efficiency programmes are common in many other states, which cannot fund expensive projects, such as transitional bilingual programmes, double immersion programmes, monolingual programmes, etc. The most common minority languages involved in bilingual programmes are Spanish, French, German, oriental, and other languages. To assess the level of knowledge of bilingual students, tests with tasks in the native language of students, accompanied by descriptive explanations and expected answers, are used. This type of testing is called Multiple choice. The acquisition of a second language occurs in parallel with the process of students’ acculturation. The specifics of the multicultural development of students in US schools are revealed in the article. The use of bilingual education is one of the leading trends in developing the content of US school education. That is why the positive experience of the United States is valuable for Ukraine.

Global cultural exchange is a well-known, boundless phenomenon. Therefore, it is fundamental for countries to promote mutual understanding and tolerance of cultural diversity, to prevent stigmatization and social hermetization from migrant backgrounds, and to foster social inclusion, thus fulfilling the assumptions of sustainable development. Polish society is considered to be relatively homogenous in terms of culture, however, the increasing influx of immigrants, especially from Eastern Europe, poses a new challenge for its national schooling system and multicultural education. That is why the aim of the article was to verify the state of preparation of Polish schools for multicultural education, mutual attitudes of the participants of the educational process, and the relationships between them, as well as to indicate dependency between parents, students, and teachers. The article presents the results of quantitative research carried out in a group of early childhood education teachers from border regions. The results of the conducted research showed the state of intercultural education in Polish schools before the start of the war between Russia and Ukraine. The study is barely the attempt of monitoring the condition of intercultural education, especially in the current “new multicultural reality” in Polish schools.