Poland is one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with People’s Republic of China. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties 70 years ago, both countries have conducted close cooperation in all areas and the bilateral relations have witnessed steady development. In particular, the “One Belt, One Road” initiative, launched in 2013, got the positive responses and support from many countries, including Poland, which became an important partner for China to promote the construction of the initiative. This paper, from a historical perspective, reviews the first interaction between China and Poland in the period of Yuan Dynasty which is arranged in chronological order. The narrations mainly concentrate on accounts of the western expeditions by Genghis Khan and his descendants as well as the Battle of Legnica, during the period of which the Mongolia Empire was successively set up. Each entry will include a concrete description, highlighting where possible issues such as where the Mongolia went, why the expedition and its record are important. The paper also expounds the first record about Poland and the change of the name of Poland in Chinese literature so as to deepen the mutual understanding between two countries.

Strengthening links of the Mongol Empire in the 12th and 13th centuries

This article constitutes an attempt to indicate main determinants that shaped Mongolian statehood during reigns of Genghis Khan and the most important war campaigns that he organized, as well as the most important achievements from the point of view of the civilization. There can be noticed changes in the social system and abandonment of social family-tribal based relations for the benefit of developing a country with a centralized system of authority, hierarchized system of social relations. A significant meaning in the development of the Mongolian country institution is sought in setting its organizational foundations on the military model and efficient administration of the central and local levels. Furthermore, it is noticed that the important factors for creating the country were tolerance and openness to influences of various religions and systematizing tax, trade and financial transactions rules, as well as adaptation and promotion of writing.