The presented article is devoted to using present-day legal terminology in scientific research on pre-modern and pre-constitutional states’ legal systems. The main focus of analysis is the rule of law principle existence between the 16th and 18th centuries in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The author tries to establish whether this is even justified to use the modern idea of the rule of law to describe the Polish-Lithuanian pre-partitions political system? And, if so, how technically do that to avoid presentism? The author tries to formulate a set of features concerned with the rule of law principle applicable to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He also tries to determine the set of conditions necessary for the rule of law principle to blossom in pre-modern reality fully

State sovereignty and the rule of law: the codification of private law in China

The main issue of this article is a comparison of codification of private law in the Republic of China (1912–1949) with the current fifth attempt to codify civil law in the People’s Republic of China, which is planned to be enacted in 2020. The aim of the paper is to prove that in both the most important factors for drafting new laws were not the internal needs of the state, but the necessity to regulate the position of the country on the international arena. The analysis is based on two main concepts: sovereignty and the rule of law, which are crucial for understanding this issue.

The Genesis of Legal Protection of Polish National and State Symbols

There is no protection in national and state symbols in Poland, there is no long tradition, because the first statutory regulations on this issue come from the first half of the 18th century, and comprehensive statutory protection has been in effect since 1919. The practice of using the eagle symbol as a sign of the Polish state and its authorities is much longer, because in the case of the emblem it dates back to 1005, and in the case of the coat of arms to 1295. The specificity of the status of state symbols in the monarchy and the lack of legal protection of the signs of rulers and states until the 19th century, it is impossible to carry out a legal analysis and examine the scope of protection. A change in this respect took place in the 19th century, i.e. at the beginning of constitutionalism and detailed statutory regulations, including codes. In the case of Poland, issuing such regulations was impossible or possible only for short periods of time, due to the fact that Polish lands remained under partition from the late 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Legal acts issued in the period 1807–1832 are of particular interest. However, the tendencies to isolate and protect state symbols in the regulations of the then European countries could only be implemented in Poland after 1918.

The woman’s struggle for subjectivity in early modern period

Legal subjectivity is the basic law concept. Legal capacity and capacity to act are connected with legal subjectivity. Through ages legal subjectivity evolve. The women fight an try to gain the legal subjectivity to become more independent.