The People’s Republic of China currently possesses the second biggest national economy in the world, smaller only to that of the United States. It is also a matter of time for China to become the greatest economic power, at least regarding share in aggregated global GDP and the sphere of international trade. Growing engagement of China in global economic development and its dependence on other participants of trade exchanges have made this country a  more ‘responsible shareholder’ of the international economic system. China has a  great development interest in upholding a  stable world economic situation, and especially in proper economic relations with the United States and the European Union, on whose markets its healthy development largely depends. Whether China will soon become a “mature, responsible and attractive superpower” depends to a significant degree not only on its efforts but also on proper relations with major trade and investment partners around the world. It seems that mutually beneficial economic relations between the PRC and the European Union (founded on mutually beneficial and strategic cooperation and not on serious and opaque competition) constitute one of the key factors determining this scenario’s validity. Unfortunately, for the time being, many problems arise in this relationship. They come from both sides requiring a proper diagnosis, as well as a scientific analysis including both assessment and prognosis. The presented scientific article tries to meet these expectations.

This article refers to the contemporary situation in the Russian economy and in the Russian capital economy. Economy in Russia is based on the extraction of raw materials. However, in 2010 economic forecasts for the country were optimistic. In this period economic development was strong and the country became a member of the BRICS group. One of the issues of the Russian Federation economy was the backing of the old system. Most investments were focused on the energy sector when in the public sector the changes were smaller. To increase revenues and funds big reforms are necessary and new investments. One possibility to improve the economic situation is to focus on greater extraction of raw materials. Another option is to resign from a monocultural economy. The situation in Moscow is better than the general economic situation in the Russian Federation. GDP increased regularly. In 2008 Russia took 15th place in the ranking of the hundred largest cities GDP. Th e Moscow economy is based especially on the trade of energy resources. Moreover, profi t is gained from business activities and industry. The level of unemployment in Moscow is the lowest in comparison to all regions. In the capital city it fluctuates between 0,5% and 1%. A major problem in the capital city is the constant immigration from other part of the Federation and other foreign countries. In majority, people who come to Moscow are the job seekers. Also the signifi cant problem is ubiquitous corruption.

The development objective of the article is to present in the last fifteen years the level of economic relations of Moldova and Ukraine with the Russian Federation and the European Union. In connection with this study it was covered by the value of the trade of Moldova and Ukraine with the European Union and the Russian Federation, as well as the volume of the foreign direct investments EU and Russia in the Moldovan and Ukrainian economy.

Geo-economics is an approach that, in general, looks at the links between politics and economy in the international arena. This article is an analyses overview of the presence of geo-economics strategy in the Polish-Russian relations. The author focuses particularly on the problems of investment, trade and energy.

Relations of Poland with the Korean Peninsula countries are determined by liberal paradigm set on the development of economic cooperation, especially in the areas of relations with the Republic of Korea, strengthened by the development of cultural relations. South Korea is an important partner of Poland and the development of bilateral cooperation should mainly be concentrated in the areas of modern technologies, environment protection and power industry. Polish foreign policy is oriented on winning direct foreign investments, access to up-todate technologies and winning trade areas for Polish products, mainly from agricultural sector.

The paper explores the development of trade and investment relations between Poland and Armenia in conditions of EU membership and in the first year of Armenia presence within the Eurasian Economic Union. The aim of the study is to determine the changes in the size and structure of trade and foreign investment both partners, as well as the identification of key factors influencing the evolution of the Polish-Armenian cooperation in this regard. Armenia both economically and politically is the relatively minor significant Poland’s partner. In the analyzed period, one can observe an increase in bilateral trade, but the growth of value and dynamics of Polish exports was more stable than imports. Small foreign investment, both Polish in Armenia and Armenian in Poland, is the area with untapped potential of bilateral cooperation. Poland’s membership in the EU was one of the factors that positively influenced on the intensification of bilateral trade and investment relations. In turn, Armenia’s entry to Eurasian Economic Union leads to the prediction that it will be a determinant which would have negative impact on Polish-Armenian cooperation in the long-term. There are a serious risk that the new agreement between the EU and Armenia will not be able to significantly reduce the impact of that factor.

The course of economic cooperation between Poland and the Eastern Partnership countries after 1992

The article presents the current state of conditions for the development of economic ties between Poland and the Eastern Partnership countries after 1992. Over the next few years, relations between Poland and the former USSR states gradually evolved as a result of the introduced economic reforms, the opening of economies and changes in the international environment. From the formal and legal point of view, the development of trade and the broader economic ties between Poland and the Eastern Partnership countries began in 1991, and we have had adequate, relatively comparable statistical data since 1995. The most important changes took place when Poland joined the European Union. An important platform for intensifying cooperation with the former USSR states was created by the launch of the EU Eastern Partnership initiative, which covers Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Therefore, the study covered the state of economic ties between Poland and the Eastern Partnership countries. The study attempts to show the place of Poland in the foreign trade of the EaP countries and vice versa, outlining the trend of the dynamics of trade between the above-mentioned partners and determining the degree of complementarity of the trade structure.

The Town and Trade in the Views of Polish Medievalists around 1916 Generation

The author analyses the similarities and differences in the views of Polish medievalists born ca. 1916 concerning the history of Polish and Slavic towns and trade in the Early and High Middle Ages.

The Economic Situation of Budjak of the Tatar-Ottoman Era (XV–In Begining XIX Century)

The article examines the main stages of the formation of the economic system of Budjak during the of its intensive settlement by Tatars and Ottomans. The main prerequisites for the formation of the economic system in the 15th–early 19th centuries are the arrival of the Tatar tribes in the region and the appearance here of Italian, Moldavian, Bulgarian trading posts, which already in the 15th century created competition for the Ottoman Empire, which led to the capture of Budjak by the Turks, who established their model of the economic system. Populating the region with Nogays and at the same time reforming trade, land, tax law, the Turks turned Budjak into a supplier of household products, wine, salt, and slaves. The main ports were Akkerman, Kiliya, Timarovo, Izmail. Economic changes also affected the Tatars, who gradually abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and became the main suppliers of food, livestock, salt to Moldova, Crimea, Turkey later, in the province of the Russian Empire. The trade and tax policies of the Crimea and the Ottoman Empire were of great importance. Despite the large number of taxes, they were not heavy and, in general, did not exceed 10% of the income of local residents. The right to trade was given to all comers, Christians and Muslims. In the 18th century, Kyrym Giray Khan developed a project for the creation of 2 commercial ports, which were supposed to supply grain to Istanbul and create competition for the ports of Turkey on the Danube. The publication reveals the role of the main ethnic groups in the economic specialization of the region. Moldovans were engaged in agriculture and wine production, Tatars – in animal husbandry, agriculture, salt mining, Turks, Ukrainians – in trade. Economic growth has strengthened the role of the Budjak ports in international trade, which has led to the interest of European states in expanding economic contacts with the region

Trade Flows Between the European Union and the Eastern Partnership Countries: Dynamics and Prospects

The Eastern Partnership is a part of the European Neighbourhood Policy focusing on the EU’s Eastern neighbours. Its main objective is to deepen the political and economic integration of the EU with six countries in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. The aim of this paper is to assess the development of EU trade relations with Eastern Partnership Countries from 2002 to 2021 and to indicate its prospects. The results show that the EU is in a group of main trading partners of the Eastern Partnership countries. The EU noticed both: a trade surplus with Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Armenia (except in 2005); and a trade deficit with Azerbaijan. The volumes of imports and exports had increased over the years which also led to better economic integration with the EU. However, the future EU-Eastern Partnership trade characteristics and dynamics remain unknown due to the Russian invasion on Ukraine that caused troubles in trade flows in Ukraine and economic sanctions on Russia and Belarus.

Bydgoszcz–Torun. Historical Root Causes of Antagonisms

The antagonism between Bydgoszcz and Torun is one of example of long – lived historical conflict. The position of the borders and turbulent economic development of the cities in the region with the progress of modern political and socio-economic conditions, determinate the cause divisions, still valid. Therefore, a historical relation between the two cities, the circumstances of their creation and development are an expression of diversified nature of the relationship Bydgoszcz and Torun. However, knowledge of the genesis this conflict is important for understanding the nature this peculiar neighborhood, and additionally it represents a significant share of the importance of the cognitive process of shaping the current political division in the region.

The aim of this paper is to identify the key determinants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (which will be referred as GCC) for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows. Using the understandings of financial econometrics, the study discusses a significant positive association between FDI in Non-oil industries, while on the contrary, the negative association with the Oil industries. Natural resources are a path for some countries to attract FDI but it does not achieve the main benefits of FDI, which is introduction of new technology and offering job opportunities. Existing literature argues the suggestion that resource-rich countries attract less FDI because of resource (oil) price volatility. Statistical Models in Economic are used to analyze the data in achieving the conclusion. This study examines that natural resources discourage FDI in GCC countries, and helps identify policy reform priorities to support diversification and growth in the GCC through foreign investment.

The paper examines the intricate relationship between armed conflict and regional integration, focusing on its role as an ‘undoing’ force in the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) context. A significant element of development and economic cooperation in Africa is the perennial problem of violent conflict in almost all sub-regions. Moreover, organized crime is rising across the continent, coupled with the emergence of new forms of violence associated with today’s globalization and other post-Cold War phenomena. Globalization has led to greater interdependence among countries and fostered cooperation among states. However, a country’s internal conflict often has repercussions beyond its borders and threatens regional and global peace and stability. In addition, armed conflict can affect countries’ relations and state cooperation. Peace provides a good foundation for development and economic cooperation, while development ensures the permanence of peace. The central question addressed in this paper is whether constructive regional economic integration and cooperation can be effectively achieved while some African countries are experiencing armed conflict. A qualitative research approach is used to analyze how armed conflict will likely negatively impact the achievement of AfCFTA goals.