W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono główne cechy tureckiego modelu systemu prezydenckiego, a także historyczne uwarunkowania pozycji prezydenta w strukturze organów państwa w Turcji. Praca składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej z nich omówione zostały podstawy parlamentaryzmu, co jest kluczową kwestią dla ukazania kształtu tureckiego systemu przed reformą. Kolejnym zagadnieniem omawianym w tej części artykułu jest proces ewolucji prezydentury od pierwszych lat powstania Republiki do zmian wprowadzonych po wyborach prezydenckich i parlamentarnych w 2018 r. W drugiej części pracy wskazano uwarunkowania zmiany systemowej. Wreszcie w ostatniej dokonano analizy nowego systemu, określanego jako prezydencjalizm „w stylu tureckim”, i ukazano jego charakterystyczne cechy.

Chairing the Council of the European Union underlines the importance of the state in integrated Europe. However, the recent amendments to the Treaty have given rise to significant changes in the functioning of this institution. Our understanding of this concept as well as of its functions and methods has changed. This is particularly important for Poland, which in July 2011 will take over the half year presidency. The new conditions of operation pose both opportunities and challenges. This article presents the model of the Presidency and its role both before the Treaty of Lisbon and immediately after it. It also discusses the ability of countries holding presidency, especially Poland, to handle these changes. The author examines the conditions, strengths and weaknesses of Poland with respect to exercising this function.

The Central European initiative during the Bulgarian presidency held in 2022

This text analyses the implementation of the main priorities of the Bulgarian Presidency of the Central European Initiative (CEI) in 2022. The current activities of the Initiative are presented through an analysis of priorities and planned tasks. This analysis shows that the CEI – which recently celebrated its 30th anniversary – is meticulously performing the tasks for which it was established. It undertakes a number of activities for the integration within the EU, regional security and sustainable development issues. Almost all the planned events were organized during the Bulgarian Presidency. Meetings were held in each of the areas of the CEI activity, i.e. the parliamentary, governmental, economic and recently developed local dimensions. The official programme of the Presidency, the indicative calendar of events, as well as information published on the official website of the Initiative and on the websites of some Bulgarian ministries and institutions involved in the Presidency, form the basis of the research.