Od roku 2011 Szkocka Partia Narodowa prowadzi działania zmierzające do wystąpienia Szkocji ze Zjednoczonego Królestwa. Artykuł przedstawia koncepcje SNP i kolejnych rządów szkockich w dziedzinie polityki obronnej, odpowiadając na pytania, jaką rolę kwestie obronności odgrywają w ich planach oraz, czy realizacja tych planów umożliwi Szkocji zbudowanie sił zbrojnych dostosowanych do długofalowej polityki zagranicznej tego państwa, zmieniającej się sytuacji międzynarodowej oraz nowych zagrożeń.

The influence of military reforms on the formation of the democratic system in Spain (1975–1996)

This article discusses the key military reforms in Spain from 1975 to 1996 and their significance in the country’s transition from Franco’s dictatorship to a democratic regime. Following General Franco’s death in 1975, Spain faced the challenge of transforming its authoritarian political system into a stable democracy. One of the most critical elements of this process was the reform of the military structures, which played a pivotal role in maintaining the old regime. The article analyzes significant changes in the Spanish armed forces, including the adoption of a new military criminal code, reforms related to compulsory military service, and steps towards the professionalization of the army. It also examines the impact of these reforms on civil-military relations, particularly in reducing hostile sentiments towards the military and increasing its popularity and acceptance among citizens. The article highlights the role of King Juan Carlos as a key mediator during the transition period, who managed to persuade the military to accept democratic changes. Military reforms contributed to limiting the military’s ability to intervene in internal politics, which was crucial for consolidating the new democratic regime. These reforms led to the Spanish army ceasing to act as a political arbiter and focusing on its primary defense tasks, which significantly impacted the stabilization and development of democratic Spain.