Legal education as an integral part of the functional responsibilities of specialists of the free legal aid system – practical aspects of implementation

The article describes the administrative structure of the units of the free legal aid system in Ukraine, which perform the function of legal education. The tasks, responsibilities and powers of legal education units at each of the institutional levels of the free legal aid system are considered and analyzed in detail, as well as the territorial division of jurisdiction of such units. The author analyzed the relationship, the degree of subordination and general coordination of actions between units of different levels of the structure. The publication also identifies and substantiates an important normatively enshrined and actually implemented priority given to legal education activities in the system of free legal aid in Ukraine. The publication describes the experience of legal education activities by other structural units of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, as well as statistics on the awareness of residents of the country about the right to receive free legal aid as part of the formation of legal awareness. The concept of legal education campaigns conducted by the system of free legal aid with the separation of their basic features and methods of implementation is considered in detail.

Kwestia przyłączenia Ziem Zachodnich i Północnych do Polski, była w okresie II wojny światowej ważnym elementem polityki rządu polskiego w Londynie i komunistów polskich w otoczeniu Stalina w ZSRR. Przygotowania do przejęcia przez polską administrację, inspirowaną przez Stalina, ZZ i Płn. obejmowały, oprócz stworzenia podstaw prawnych i uregulowania stosunków z wojskową administracją wojenną, także opracowanie ogólnej koncepcji działania oraz zgromadzenie niezbędnych środków do realizacji tego zamierzenia. Trudności z tworzeniem administracji na Ziemiach Zachodnich wynikały nie tylko z ogólnego chaosu powojennego, z braku jednolitych i jasno sformułowanych podstaw prawnych, ale również z niedostatku precyzyjnie określonych zadań i kompetencji.

Local government in the crises in the Third Polish Republic. An outline of the issue

During the majority of Polish crises, apart from the reaction of the central authorities, the responses of the local institutions were also noticeable. The very creation of local government in 1990 materialized under conditions of the profound political, social and economic crisis. In 1997, the flood revealed the weaknesses in the administration of the commune. In turn, the strength of frustration that was accumulated in many local communities, manifested itself during the agricultural protests in 1999. The global financial crisis (2008–2009) has had the mild impact on Poland, but it caused a breakdown in many communes. Similarly, the effects of social unrest during the pandemic and the wave of refugees from across the eastern border (2020–2022) were unevenly distributed. This article is an attempt to address the questions concerning its title: did the crises turn out to be more of a threat or an opportunity for local communities? To what extent have the crises revealed the specific functioning of local government? Were local councilors and municipality staff able to work effectively under the extreme circumstances? How to assess the crisis experiences in the context of legal and institutional changes.