Women: mother, wife, boss & valuable employee?

Summary for centuries the role of women been associated in particular with the role of wife and mother who is takes care of the home fire. Times have changed, lifestyle and economic realities meant that women began to work, and not, as previously only deal with raising children. Despite these changes, it is still a woman is most often shown as the one who takes care of the children and the house. For centuries, technology has changed, which does the work to some extent in domestic work, but if it allows to reconcile the two worlds: the world of a woman who is a mother and wife with the world of women valuable worker or boss? Is the world today there is a chance that these two worlds are really close and possible to reconcile. The following article is an attempt to pre­sent the situation of women in today's economic environment, as people who wish to accept the role of mother to the role of a valuable employee or the role of the boss. It is merely an attempt to show the problem, which will be treated as a beginning for future research.

W tekście wskazuje się, że wiedza o równości płci, o rolach pełnionych w wielu rzeczywistościach kulturowo-cywilizacyjnych jest spowita w sferze mitów i stereotypów.Aktywność kulturowa i cywilizacyjna kobiet zdeterminowana jest poziomem instytucjonalnym uprawianym przez podmioty życia publicznego (Kościół, szkołę, władzę państwową, partyjne, organizacje społeczne). Świat wartości kulturowych sytuuje kobiety w tradycyjnym nurcie życia domowego, emocjonalnego, aspiracji społeczno-politycznych pozostających w zależnościach paternalistycznych. Deklaracje profeministyczne ujawniające się od XIX w. do współczesności nie wpływają w praktyce życia kulturowego znacząco na położenie kobiet w sferze życia zarówno politycznego, jak i ekonomicznego. Najbardziej znaczącą siłą w tym względzie są prawa człowieka,
Duże znaczenie do zmian w sferze nierówności płci mają procesy globalizacji i jednocześnie dywersyfikacji życia kulturowego. Z jednej strony wiąże się to z upodmiotowieniem jednostki, kształtowaniem jej partycypatywności; z drugiej zaś międzynarodowymi rozwiązaniami prawnymi, synkretyzmem, koniecznością globalnego rozwiązywania problemów jednostki, jak i ludzkości.

In the past, the exclusion of women from the election had the sociological and cultural background. Woman’s status was derived from the status of her husband. The creation of mass parties at the end of the XIXth century had turned women into attractive potential voters. At the turn of the 19th and 20th century in Polish territories, under foreign partitions, the feminist movement was just beginning. That was because the essential issue for all Polish people: both men and women, was the regaining of the independence. Polish women undertook activity in all the countries, which annexed parts of Poland, but the character and intensity of this activity depended on the character of the regime of the occupant. The Decree of the State on the electoral law, adopted on 26 November 1918, established universal suffrage, without distinction of the sexes. Granting women unconditionally full electoral rights: active and passive (different than in other countries, when women first obtained the right to vote and later – usually after years – the right to stand for election) under the mentioned Decree in 1918, was certainly a defining and monumental historical moment. Nowadays, other factors are taken into account in deciding about equality laws: underrepresentation of women in leadership positions in politics and gender gaps, which still exist.

Candidates of the Women’s Congress in the local elections 2018

The author of the article analyzed the activity of candidates recommended by the Association of Women’s Congress in the 2018 local government elections. It was argued that the key to obtaining the support of the Congress of Women were written commitments of individual candidates, regardless of which of the electoral committees started. The aim of the article was to verify the declaration of the Congress of Women that the association supports all candidates from (various) electoral committees, who are close to the idea of a congressional social movement. The issue of synonymous use of the notion of party and political character was also important in the context of activities undertaken by the Congress of Women.

The article briefly discusses the position of a woman in the Islamic world mainly based on the Quran. It presents the Five Pillars of Islam, detailed regulations concerning women and information about Muslims in Poland.

The paper focuses on the assessment of how effective the Korean government’s actions taken to increase the fertility rate are. South Korea is a country with a very low fertility rate which is below the replacement level. This demographic situation causes the ageing of the Korean population. The paper shows the contemporary family policy, the analysis of sociodemographic indicators and the analysis based on the data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families in the two periods of time: in 2007 and 2018, in order to show changes in the fertility intentions among the Korean women – in the sociological perspective. The statistical analysis indicates that the majority of the respondents had no intentions of having children. The results indicate that the Korean government’s actions are not sufficient to create an environment supporting the family in fertility intentions and behaviour, which is reflected in the continued low fertility rate.

The main purpose of this article is to attempt to show the collective biography of Polish women parliamentarians of the interwar period through an insight into their emotions and feelings, to show the “emotional communities” presented by Barbara Rosenwein. In this text I will focus on the main problems of the political activity of Polish women parliamentarians in the interwar period. Source materials produced by women, mainly ego-documents and public documents created by them, will be used to develop this topic. The study will analyze the individual experiences of women parliamentarians. Their emotions, opinions and reflections on parliamentary work will be taken into account. The paper will also discuss selected biographical aspects of the women parliamentarians, such as their age, education and political views, which undoubtedly had an impact on their opinions and emotions. Polish women parliamentarians of that time had to struggle with many problems. Reluctance to place women on candidate lists was a common occurrence. Moreover, women had to meet numerous social expectations. First of all, they were required to be mothers and wives who were responsible for family life, that is, the private sphere. Furthermore, women were seen more as social activists than as politicians. At the same time, men considered women’s issues less important, which was evident in parliamentary discussions. The main research questions were: How did women perceive their own political activity? political activity? What problems did politically active women face?

The model of a contemporary female Catholic as designed by religious girls on the threshold of adulthood. A report on focus group interviews

This article describes the model of a contemporary Catholic woman as designed by religious girls on the threshold of adulthood. In the struggle of young people with existential dilemmas, both specific models and abstract role models may prove to be helpful. Both have become the subject of research carried out in 2021 conducted using 10 focus group interviews with 35 female students in the final years of secondary schools. The focus groups were created by recruiting 17–18 years olds girls of the Roman Catholic faith living in western and northern Poland and attended religion lessons. This article contains an excerpt concerning the model of a Catholic woman in the contemporary world designed by interviewees. The projection task showed that the created role models go beyond the stereotypical images of Catholic women, less refers to a specific traditional Christian personal models and is an exemplification of a new female perspective in Catholicism.

The paper is part of the interdisciplinary considerations on the management of organisations and the participation of women in these processes. The presented approach combines the science of management with the sociology of education. It allows the analysis of macro-social aspects of women’s functioning and micro-social aspects related to the functioning of women at the top of corporate power. The article is based on a management survey published in 2019, which concerns issues of mutual relations between education, socialisation, and the place of women in the social structure or the selection of co-workers. It is qualitative research that does not allow for the generalisation of conclusions to the entire population of Polish managers (or, more precisely, managers working in Poland), but the representativeness of a typological nature has been preserved. It means that the interviewees represented distinguished types of managers, mainly due to the industry and the type of position. The study concerned the highest-ranking company managers, Chief Executive Directors (CEO), and members of the company’s boards with various academic diplomas.

The Mothers of democracy. The involvement of women in the fight for a free Poland in the 1980s

The purpose of this article is to present a cross-section of the 1980s in Poland from the perspective of female protagonists and to describe the role they played in the process of democratic changes, their involvement in the active opposition, strikes and later the Solidarity underground. The aim is to describe how they coped with everyday struggles, what roles they took on in life and highlight their contribution to the gradual liberation from the communist regime. Women took an active part in the struggle for Poland’s independence. Women described in this article manifested their opinions on politics, labor and civil rights. In presenting the activities of women’s resistance, the authors took into account gender and cultural perspectives. The article was written based on historical publications, interviews with witnesses of the aforementioned events and opposition activists themselves, as well as articles on the subject.

One of the main pillars of Democratic Confederalism and Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria is to create a gender-equal society. Hence, this paper will focus on women rights and women’s gaining during the administration of PYD in Rojava. Öcalan can be considered as ideological leader of Rojava and PYD. The paper will start to analyze Öcalan’s approach towards women by investigating his writings and speech. Then it will focus on women’s success in the fight against ISIS and other religious terrorist organizations. And in the last part, it will focus on women’s role in the political life and their gaining during the Syrian Civil War.

Social and economic functioning of women at risk of social exclusion during the Covid-19 pandemic

The main objective of the paper is to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the situation of Polish women whose common features are uncertain life circumstances. In March and April of this year, we held a qualitative study on this subject (Focus Group Interview). The choice of this research tool allowed for collecting testimonials that resulted in better understanding of problems and attitudes of women who due to their specific life circumstances were likely to endure more severely the consequences of the pandemic. Our analysis of presented input also leads to a conclusion about the dysfunctional nature of social policy.

The disobedient women – leaders of the National Organization for Women. A sketch for a group portrait of the National Democracy women activists 1919–1929)

The significance and scale of Endek influence in the nineteenth and twentieth century were not the outcome of stricly party organizations. A social movement, which had been built up since the partition era, reflected the strength of the nationalist camp. Vigorous associations – both secret and conspiratorial – united both men and women of various social backgrounds, economic positions, and professionial affiliations. This included the National Organization of Women (NOK) – founded in 1919 – which was one of the largest and most influential women’s groups in the Second Polish Republic. The following article is an attempt to present selected aspects of the biographies of NOK leaders, which collectively make up a collective portrait of Natinal Democratic women of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The analysis includes such elements as: the intellectual climate of the era, the significance of the partitions in female political activism in indepent Poland, and the role of the Catholic faith (both in its individual and social dimensions). It is also indispensable to discuss the circumstances of the NOK’s founding and the motives propelling Polish women toward activism in the public sphere: first, in the electoral campaign to the Constituent Diet (1919) on behalf of the National Democratic movement, and, secondly, through involvement in the association’s actitivities. In this context, it is wortwhile to pose a question about the roles of men and women in the ranks of the National Democratic movement. This is an issue that deserves to be investigated since the members of NOK, in response to the needs of a newly-independent Polish state, rejected the notion of gender conflict, aiming instead to build a community in which the activism of men and women could be mutually complementary.

Psychological features of legitimized aggression in the elderly

The article covers a theoretical review of foreign literature on the problem of aggression in the elderly. The psychological characteristic of the outlined phenomenon is given and the urgency of conducting empirical investigations in this direction is substantiated. A review of scientific achievements in the field of psychology showed that the specific of legitimized aggression in retirees is not sufficiently developed and studied scientific problem. The purpose of the study is to establish the specifics of legitimized aggression in women and men of retirement age. The sample consisted of elderly people aged 60 to 70 years, with a total number of 40 people. The first group included 20 women of retirement age, the second - 20 retired men. “Questionnaire of Legitimized Aggression” by S. Enikolopov and M. Tsybulsky was used to identify the psychological features of legitimized aggression. Student’s t-test for independent samples was used for mathematical and statistical data processing. Empirical research has shown that older women are characterized by aggressive behavior, which is reflected in the most acceptable forms of society, such as communication, education, seeking to teach others, sharing experiences, knowledge or expressing their own. thoughts. Women prefer not to show their negative feelings in public, as evidenced by not high enough on all scales of legitimized aggression. Retirement women are well-versed in situations where their aggressive behavior can be noticed, so they try not to show their feelings to the general public, as this can negatively affect their reputation. As for the group of elderly men, they are clear representatives of legitimized aggression, who can skillfully justify and disguise their own aggressive behavior. Quite bold statements on the topic of politics, sports, education are a good opportunity for them to demonstrate rich personal experience on the issues outlined and prove their rightness, thereby strengthening their authority and competence in the eyes of others. In our opinion, this trend is quite alarming, since such behavioral reactions are quite often provocative in nature and become a reason for the emergence of conflict situations.

Already existing sources considering women and ethnic minorities in Russian Federation point out to the inequity in treating these groups on the Russian labor market. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent war between Russia and Ukraine arises question whether situation of previously discriminated groups has changed? Not only this is crucial for considered groups due to the crisis caused by the pandemic but also due to growing needs of the Russian army and another crisis caused by international sanctions. In this paper authors using desk research describe already existing position of women and ethnic minorities on the labor market in Russia and answer the question whether these social groups are treated equally in comparison to other groups existing on the labor market. This article also presents analysis of potential change in the approach to groups considered in the presented research.

This study investigated women, migration, decent work and vulnerabilities in Africa. Essentially, it is on record that for the last few years more female migrants have been migrating independently for work, education and as heads of households. Despite these improvements, female migrants may still face stronger discrimination, are more vulnerable to mistreatment, and can experience double discrimination as both migrants and as women in their host country in comparison to male migrants. Nonetheless, male migrants are also exposed to vulnerabilities in the migration processes. For example, records have it that every day, women across Libya who have been subjected to forced marriages, sexual abuse, and other dire situations, leave their home countries for the prospect of a better life and with longing for Europe’s safety, they are willing to face an equally perilous route ahead, with the constant risk of being returned to Libyan detention centres, where they are abused, starved, and tortured (Palmucci, 2021). It is based on this that this study was carried out using investigative analysis of women victims who are presently returnees to their home country (Nigeria). Through identified women returnees from some of these countries, most especially Libya, 15 women returnees interacted to share their experiences while outside the country for greener pastures. These 15 women returnees were able to link the authors of this study to other 29 women returnees to Nigeria in the last three to two years.

The woman’s struggle for subjectivity in early modern period

Legal subjectivity is the basic law concept. Legal capacity and capacity to act are connected with legal subjectivity. Through ages legal subjectivity evolve. The women fight an try to gain the legal subjectivity to become more independent.

Feminism in the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Feminism in the Netherlands began as social movement during the 19th century. The prominent representatives of the first feministic movement are: Wilhelmina Drucker, Aletta Jacobs and Helena Mercier. Later, the struggles of Second-wave feminism in the Netherlands mirrored developments in the women’s rights movement in other Western countries. Nowadays the position of women in the Netherland’s society have changed, but there are a lot of problems like part-time jobs, discriminating political parties, which must been encouraged to guarantee the full emancipation.

Factors Determining The Number Of Female Candidates In Direct Elections Of Municipal Executive Bodies In Poland After 2002

This article presents the determinants of a certain number of women running for municipal executive positions in direct elections from 2006 to 2018 in 2421 municipalities in Poland. The results reveal a persistent pattern of determinants of female candidates’ recruitment. The increased interest of women in these positions is influenced, among other things, by the candidacy of women in previous elections both for municipal councils and, above all, for executive positions. Fewer female candidates are found in municipalities with stronger political incumbents. The levelling of the discovered pattern is disrupted when municipalities are in debt. High debt initially deters women from running and then attracts them. This means that female candidates appear in indebted municipalities in which men are less interested, behave as representatives of minority groups and do not compete in numbers unlike men.

Women and children are disproportionately those seeking immigration relief in the United States, and women lawyers are disproportionately those helping them. But it can’t be just women lawyers doing the helping. This article addresses immigration pro bono legal work, which is primarily conducted by women, and its impact on access to justice in the United States. Using a gender lens, the article examines naturalization, birthright citizenship, asylum and Temporary Protected Status, which is newly available for people from Ukraine and from Afghanistan. Immigration is an important area of focus for pro bono work, because without this help many people will stay in poverty and live on the margins of society.