Migration policy of Poland towards European migration crisis

The state policy is a derivative of many factors, both internal and external. It is implemented through appropriate activities in various fields of its functioning. From 2015, there has been a revival of the debate over migration issues that are the result of the humanitarian crisis that Europe has been struggling with. According to data from the International Organization for Migration, the number of people seeking a refuge or a better life in Europe has increased fourfold in one year. This situation has forced action by the European Union and individual states aimed at limiting the scale of illegal immigration. The aim of the article is to analyze Poland’s migration policy in the context of actions taken by EU institutions. The first part of the work contains theoretical considerations regarding migration policy. In the second one, the author presented attempts to solve the migration crisis by the European Union together with the attitudes of Polish governments towards immigrants and the issue of their relocation. The article presents the changes that have been made in the Polish legal and institutional system. The undertaken analysis indicates that in the migration policy, which is largely reactionary in nature, the chief value is safety.

W opracowaniu wskazuje się, Szwecja od czasu II wojny światowej jest państwem przychylnym napływowi imigrantów. Wypracowano w niej politykę imigracyjną, która ujawnia otwartość na zmiany w rzeczywistości poszerzania się ruchów migracyjnych ludności świata. Ważną przyczyną napływu migrantów do Szwecji było sytuowanie się jej w środowisku międzynarodowym jako „państwa dobrobytu”. W życiu imigracyjnym Szwecji wyraźnie zaznaczyli swą obecność Polacy. W latach 60. i 70. XX w. ujawniła się tam imigracja Polek zwana matrymonialną. Oblicze imigracji w Szwecji zmienia się współcześnie pod wpływem procesów globalizacyjnych generowanych przez postęp naukowo-techniczny, międzynarodowe rozwiązania prawne (prawa człowieka), nowoczesną edukację zorientowaną na budzenie świadomości przemian cywilizacyjnych.

Organizations and institutions in Munich for refugees – selected aspects

Russia’s war in Ukraine has been ongoing since 2014, but initially Russian actions took the form of a hybrid war. Ukraine was in peaceful relations with the rest of the world when Russia seized Ukraine’s Crimea without a declaration of war and waged war in Donbass. Its full-scale scope, launched on February 24, 2022, was unprecedented in post-war Europe and caused several million people living in the invaded country to leave Ukrainian territory. The purpose of this article is to show how organizations and institutions in Munich are addressing the influx of refugees into the city, including refugees from Ukraine. As a research hypothesis, it was assumed that in Germany, including Munich, the German experience of 2015 and subsequent years in accepting newcomers from the Middle East played a huge role in solving the problems of refugees from Ukraine after February 24, 2022. The basic research problems are contained in questions such as: what changes in asylum law have been made in Germany by the federal government; who in the city of Munich is entitled to assistance and what benefits does it cover?; what is the assistance to refugees provided by the Office for Housing and Migration in Munich?; what does the Office for the Prevention of Homelessness do?; what are the tasks of the Local Mediation Office?; what are the competencies of the so-called Social Service for the Deaf?; what is the scope of activities of the Office of Return Assistance?; what are the return offices in Bavaria?; what are the activities of the Office for Intercultural Work?; what is the scope of activities of the Foreign Qualification Development Service Center? The leading research method used in the research conducted is institutionallegal analysis.

“Through a green border to paradise”, or a few remarks on the book “Refugees. Illegal crossing of the Polish-Soviet border in 1918–1939” by Serhiy Humenny

This review article is a critical approach to Serhiy Humennes monograph published in the IPN Publishing House (Warszawa 2022, „Monografie” series, vol, 179, p. 166) concerning illegal migrations across the Polish-Soviet border in the Interwar period. In the course of reading, I have come across many errors of both substantive and technical and linguistic nature. I have also revealed a rather peculiar phenomenon of using an almost unchanged text four times for various purposes. On its basis, a masters thesis has been written, defended at the then Jan Długosz Academy in Częstochowa, published in the form of a subject monograph. In the meantime, however, the author slightly modified the content of the typescript and used it as the basis for conferring the degree of doctor of history at the Faculty of History of the Taras Shevchenko National University in Kiev. Once the dissertation has been successfully defended, a book published in Ukrainian has also seen the light of day

Refugees as a challenge for intercultural education

The article presents the author’s concept of the continuum of intercultural relations referred to the cultural differences concerning refugees. This concept is based on the distinguishing of four stages of relationships: narrowly understood tolerance, cognitive interest, intercultural dialogue and cultural symbiosis. The ordering criteria used to distinguish the stages were: the sign of emotions related to the culturally Other, the sociocultural identity of the interacting individuals (especially people from the society that receives refugees), and the presence or absence of direct interaction between an individual representing the receiving society and the refugee. The concept of the continuum is presented against the background of the ideas underlying the emergence and development of the idea of intercultural education in Poland.

After the “Special Law for Ukraine”. Remarks on the Latest Amendments in Light of the Theory of Temporary Protection

The aim of this study is to analyse the envisaged process of phasing out the exceptional provisions of the Polish ‘special law for Ukraine’, introduced in response to the mass influx of war refugees from Ukraine to Poland. As clearly preferred by the Polish legislator, this phase-out is to be achieved through a mass transition from temporary protection to temporary stay permits. The analysis is conducted in light of the theory of temporary protection as formulated in the scholarship. The conclusion is that while transitioning from temporary protection to temporary stay permits is a step in the right direction as regards the legal certainty of status of war refugees, it would be more adequate to permit war refugees to submit asylum applications without the need to effectively give up on their entitlements under the special law.

The War in Ukraine and Humanitarian Aid on The Example of the Regional Branch of the Polish Red Cross in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

The Russian aggression in Ukraine commenced in 2014. During this period, Ukrainians began arriving in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and other regions of Poland, being treated as migrants. However, since February 24, 2022, there has been a substantial increase in the influx of people from Ukraine, predominantly women and children, seeking refuge in Poland, including in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. This region, due to its direct proximity to the Russian Federation (Kaliningrad Oblast), with a border of approximately 200 kilometers, did not attract particular interest from refugees. The aim of this article is to present the involvement of the Warmian-Masurian Regional Branch of the Polish Red Cross (hereinafter: OO PCK) in aiding refugees from Ukraine. The hypothesis posits that this Branch of the Red Cross has been engaged in aid activities for two years; however, in the second year of the full-scale war, this involvement diminished. The basic research problems include questions about the scale of aid to Ukrainian refugees in 2022 and 2023 organized by OO PCK, the forms of aid provided, the number of beneficiaries for each form of aid, and the specific groups of refugees to whom OO PCK directed its financial and material assistance. The results of the study provided answers to the research questions and positively verified the research hypothesis.

Difficult conversations with young people about war

The aim of the article is to analyse the most important challenges faced by parents, guardians, educators, teachers, and psychologists in communicating with Ukrainian youth after the start of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. Selected good practices of educational, pedagogical, and psychological institutions, organisations and scientific research centres in Poland supporting the mental health, well-being and promoting intercultural integration of Ukrainian adolescents residing in Poland were identified. Using individual, semi-structured interviews, barriers and facilitators to communication and integration of Ukrainian teenagers with their Polish peers were also explored. The conducted analysis confirmed the necessity of addressing the topic of war in discussions with young people, considering their psychological needs and perceptual capabilities. Systemic solutions are needed to educate them in the field of information security and intercultural dialogue, and to intensify activities increasing the social inclusion of teenage refugees from Ukraine in Poland.