The research presented in the article focused on negative prescriptive stereotypes of femininity and masculinity. The aim of the research performed was to identify definitions of non-femininity and non-masculinity of student women. The study was conducted using a diagnostic survey method and a self-completed survey questionnaire on a randomly selected sample of 1152 female students. Statistical processing was performed in the PS IMAGO statistical package. Analysis revealed that female students’ definitions of non-femininity and non-masculinity mainly reflect the traditional model of femininity and masculinity, but attitudes towards the obligatory validity of this model are waning.

Gender features of the formation of the operational component of readyness of future psychologists for professional careers

The article considers the issues of gender identity of future psychologists and relations with the level of formation of the operational component of their readiness for a professional career. Methods of theoretical research: analysis, synthesis, generalization, modeling, grouping, etc.; methods of empirical research: observation, experiment, questionnaire – questionnaire «Professional career of students» (authors – L. Karamushka, T. Kanivets), testing – method «Masculinityfemininity » (S. Bem); method «Diagnosis of behavioral activity strategies» (L. Wasserman, M. Humeniuk), content analysis. According to the results of the study, an idea of the gender composition of the sample of future psychologists was formed: 46.25% – androgynous type of gender identity, 35% - masculine type, 18.75% – feminine type. The reason for the uneven distribution of types of gender identity with a significant predominance of androgynous may be the transformation of modern society and the departure from clear boundaries between gender roles. To study the level of formation of the operational component of the readiness of future psychologists to pursue a professional career, the main indicators were studied: 1) the level of development of their own activity in preparation for a professional career; 2) the level of development of behavioral activity of students of psychology in general.As a result of the generalized analysis of the data received on separate indicators, it is defined that there is a difference in levels of formation of an operational component of readiness for realization of professional career: % and 24.9%) and a lower percentage of low level (20.75% vs. 22.4% and 28.5%). We can explain this by saying that the androgynous type is the most adapted in modern society. In order to function more productively in today’s world, individuals need to have a range of qualities and traits that combine both traditionally female and traditionally male. Significant differences are observed in the indicator of general behavioral activity: in representatives of the androgynous type this indicator is much more formed (high level was recorded in 37.8% of androgynous future psychologists, 20% of feminine and 17.8% of masculine). This means that this part of the sample is characterized by such features as active and focused business, the ability to balance their activities, emotional stability in behavior, relative resilience, good adaptation to different activities, which will greatly contribute to a successful professional career. . In general, the results indicate an insufficient level of formation of the operational component of the psychological readiness of future psychologists to pursue a professional career and the need to improve it. Although, almost the majority of respondents have the potential and reserves to improve various areas of behavioral activity.

The purpose of this paper is to present the analyses of the discursive strategies of constructing gender difference in the articles published in the Science in Poland bulletin. This bulletin is an important platform for the popularization of Polish and world science. It is funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland. In the article, I assume that gender is a socially constructed structure (including discursive) level, about the difference between men and women, especially anatomically. Starting from the assumptions of the theory of discourse, which is understood as the process of producing and reproducing social meaning, the analysis includes articles published on the website between 2005 and 2010. In the first part of the paper, I introduce the definition of gender and gender beliefs, which are an important context for the analysis. Then, the content and the method of research (the analysis of discourse) are characterized. In the last part of the paper, the results of research characterizing the main discursive strategies reproducing gender in polarized, homogeneous, and universal categories are presented.

The article presents a survey of empirical studies and meta-analyses on the similarities and differences in the emotionality of women and men. Women’s and men’s emotions are analyzed in terms of their experiencing and expression. Special attention is paid to emotions connected with caring and aggression. Differences and similarities are presented in different age groups.