Legal Aspects of Legalization of Circulation and Use of Firearms by Civilians in order to Repel Armed Aggression of the Russian Federation

The current aggression of the Russian Federation (RF) against Ukraine has highlighted various actual socio-political and criminal issues. It was established that the problem of legalization of circulation and use of firearms by civilians to repel the armed aggression of the Russian Federation arouses the greatest interest in society. The analysis of normative acts allows determining two levels of civilians’ accessing to firearms to repel the armed aggression of the Russian Federation: general and special. The general level is determined by the laws of Ukraine «On Ensuring the Participation of Civilians in the Defense of Ukraine» from 03.03.2022 № 2114-IX and «On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and other Laws of Ukraine to Determine the Circumstances that Exclude Criminal Misconduct and Provide Combat Immunity Actions in the conditions of martial law» from 15.03.2022 № 2124-IX. Special one is defined by the Law of Ukraine «On Fundamentals of National Resistance» of 16.07.2021 № 1702-IX and the Procedure for the use of personal hunting weapons and ammunition by members of voluntary formations of territorial communities in the performance of territorial defense tasks, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of December 29, 2021 № 1448. The analysis of normative acts at the general level allows to determine the gaps in the Law of Ukraine № 2114-IX, such as: the lack of clear correspondence with the Law of Ukraine № 1702-IX; incorrect reference to the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 828; lack of clear conditions for the use of weapons. The positive aspects are: expanding opportunities not only for the citizens of Ukraine, but also for foreigners and stateless persons to obtain and use firearms; de facto exclusion of criminal liability for the use of firearms. It is established that the Law of Ukraine № 2124-IX provides for a new circumstance that excludes the criminal illegality of the act, that is «Fulfillment of the Duty to Protect the Fatherland, Independence and Territorial Integrity of Ukraine» (Article 43–1 of the Criminal Code), which determines, on the one hand, rather wide opportunities for Ukraine protection; on the other hand, it provides a number of conditions for the legality of the act, which significantly complicate such activities. It is proved that regulations at the special level are designed more for the peaceful period of life (it is complicated by conditions that are difficult to comply with in a particular period), subjects and means of protection are clearly defined, time limits are defined, and that is the period of territorial defense tasks performing. A discrepancy was established between the list of remedies defined by the Law of Ukraine № 1702-IX and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Resolution № 1448. It was stated that these regulations do not apply to all civilians and do not provide more opportunities for defense.

Legislative Veto of the President of the Republic of Poland in Political Practice

The aim of the article is to analyze the legislative veto of the President of the Republic of Poland and his relationship with the Sejm. The study indicates the constitutional regulation concerning the presidential veto and the legislative process. The author’s intention was to show that the President’s veto may affect the fate of the act, but also the government’s policy. Such a situation takes place if the President’s veto concerns a bill submitted to the Sejm on the initiative of the Council of Ministers. The institution of the President’s legislative veto was analyzed in terms of theory and its practical functioning in political practice, as well as how the veto is used by a person holding the office of the President. In order to better illustrate the title issue, the activities of the presidents of the Republic of Poland since passed of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland have been briefly presented.