Causes of the violations and abuses in the bureaucratic environment of the Russian Empire in the late XVIII-early XIX centuries and its occurrences among the Ukrainian officials.

Article is devoted to finding the cause of service violations and crimes among the officials of the Russian Empire, including Ukrainian territories in late 18th-earlv 19th centuries. At this time, Ukrainian officials have been fully integrated into the imperial bureaucracv. Historical, socio-economic, socio-cultural and political causes of the service violations were identified. Particular attention was paid to the reasons of this phenomenon, i.e. bribery, which was very common among the officials.

Gloss to the Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court in Warsaw of 2 February 2023, file ref. no. III OSK 3945/21

Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court in Warsaw of February 9, 2023, III OSK 3945/21 concerns the decision of the President of the UODO regarding inadequate security measures used by the Morele.net online store, which resulted in unauthorized access to the store’s customer database. One of the disputed issues resolved is whether the President is competent to independently assess whether the technical and organizational measures used by a party to administrative proceedings to protect personal data were “adequate”, which undoubtedly requires special knowledge. The court’s position is that the President should not ascribe expertise to himself just by virtue of being a public administration body, even with a special status. The judgment should prompt the President to develop an effective methodology for its control activities. Otherwise, the authority won’t be able to refute the accusation of subjectively created objectivity shaped in jurisprudence, as well as the selective equality of administrators.