- Author:
Wojciech Polak
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6069-2876
- Author:
Sylwia Galij-Skarbińska
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1799-4243
- Year of publication:
2022
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
89-98
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/CCNiW.2022.01.05
- PDF:
ccniw/1/ccniw105.pdf
Printing techniques in the underground during the period of martial law
The article discusses the printing techniques used by the underground “Solidarity” and other underground groups in Poland in the 1980s. The application of the three most important techniques is discussed and analyzed in turn: printing on a protein duplicator, screen printing and printing on an off set machine. The technical aspects of underground printing are illustrated with examples from the Toruń and Gdańsk regions.
- Author:
Wojciech Polak
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6069-2876
- Year of publication:
2022
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
217-228
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/CCNiW.2022.01.14
- PDF:
ccniw/1/ccniw114.pdf
General Zbigniew Nowek – social activist, commander of the special services (1959–2019)
Zbigniew Nowek (1959–2019) – since the late 1970s, an activist of the democratic opposition. In 1980–1981, he was the chairman of the Independent Students’ Association of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. Co-founder of the independent publishing house «Alternatywy». During the period of martial law, he was the publisher and printer of huge amounts of leafl ets and underground newspapers in Gdańsk, as well as books, postcards, posters, etc. In 1998–2001, head of the State Protection Offi ce, in 2005–2008, head of the Intelligence Agency, elevated to the rank of general, in 2010 r. deputy head of the National Security Bureau.
