- Author:
Danuta Waniek
- E-mail:
waniek46@gmail.com
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-1898
- Year of publication:
2023
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
189-219
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/npw20233610
- PDF:
npw/36/npw3610.pdf
Consolidation of the political system as a source of Russian political behavior in the international environment
The main purpose of this article is to recall and analyze from a political-legal point of view not only the little-known wartime history of the Polish Orthodox Church, but also attempts to bring order to the chaos that reigned in the Polish Orthodox Church after the end of World War II. This issue is most often taken up in intellectual circles associated with the Orthodox Church, or - less often - by experts in religious policy. The study presented here is an attempt to supplement this body of work with an own view of the policy of the authorities of the People’s Republic of Poland towards the Orthodox Church, carried out in 1944-1958, which was seriously influenced not only by ideological and legal decisions, characteristic of the period of building revolutionary political changes, but also by long unresolved nationality issues.
- Author:
Artur Brożyniak
- Institution:
Oddziałowe Biuro Badań Historycznych IPN Rzeszów
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5358-6218
- Year of publication:
2023
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
11-15
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/CCNiW.2023.02.01
- PDF:
ccniw/2/ccniw201.pdf
In 1951, the communist governments of Poland and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concluded an agreement to exchange some territories. Poland transferred lands located in the Hrubieszów and Tomaszów counties in the Lublin Voivodeship in the upper Bug basin (the so-called Grzęda Sokalska). The USSR gave up the area in the Bieszczady Mountains east of the upper reaches of the San River, including the town of Ustrzyki Dolne. The mentioned areas were part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Areas of 480 km2 for each side were exchanged. Poland and the USRS had to evict their citizens from the ceded areas and take away their movable property. Soviet Ukraine resettled 32,066 people. Poland over 14 thousand its citizens. Both sides had to provide care and state assistance to the displaced population. However, the grief for the lost „small homelands” remained among Poles and Ukrainians. Only a few managed to return to their hometowns in the Bieszczady Mountains after 1957, including: to Łobozewo, Teleśnica Oszwarowa and Polana. The return involved a change of citizenship. The exchange of some territories is sometimes referred to as “Action H-T”, from the first letters of the names of the Hrubieszów and Tomaszów counties from which Polish citizens were expelled. In turn, the term “Action-51” appears in Ukrainian literature. The border change made in 1951 was the largest in the post-war history of Poland.