Since Poland joined the European Community, it has been transforming from a country of emigration into an emigration-immigration one. Year by year an increase of immigrants coming to Poland has been observed, which involves the Polish government and local authorities taking actions within the implementation of migration policy. The multifaceted processes of integration take place on the levels of linguistics, culture, education, and social activation aimed at combating social exclusion of this group of Polish inhabitants.

Eastern European immigrants coming to the UK since 2004 (in 2/3 from Poland) by their amount of work have concurred to serious growth of the GDP. But simultaneously they have been burden for British welfare system (among others by taking benefits for family members living outside the UK) and taking job even for minimum salary what have caused growth of native British unemployment. In this situation Conservative-Liberal Government leading by David Cameron have decided to limit an access to the UK labour market by language knowledge tests and tightening social benefits policy to job seekers. With informal support of main opposition parties (i.e. the Labour Party and the UKIP) D. Cameron have taken risky game showing he has been able to fight for his nation’s interests even in spite of huge protests of Polish and other Eastern European countries politicians and against the European Parliament resolution of 16 January 2014. But when turning out into a defender of Britons’ rights he also has showed that there have been deep divisions between “old” and “new” Europe still after 10 years of the EU’s biggest enlargement in 2004.

Immigration highlights the question of language and raises the dilemma of the relationship between the mother tongue and the language of the new land. For writers this question is even more crucial: should they write in the language of the place and its readers? Immigration to Israel is not exceptional, of course. What choices are open to those writers, and how are they to convey the complexities inherent in the formation of an Israeli identity? This paper focuses on two writers who demonstrate the role played by the “chosen language” in the cultural construction and deconstruction of Israeli identity. Tuvia Ruebner emigrated from Bratislava, Aharon Appelfeld from Bukovina. Ruebner shifted from German to Hebrew and back to German; Appelfeld wrote only in Hebrew. In both cases, their arrival in Israel enabled them to survive. However, the loss of their families in Europe continued to haunt them. Inspired by Walter Benjamin’s concept of ‘translation’ and responding to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s concept of ‘minor literature’, the paper shows how their work conveys a multilayered interrelation between national and foreign languages, and between images of exile and homeland, past, present and future – all of which shed light on contemporary issues of Israeli identity.

Analyzing Poland’s current activity regarding the influx of refugees and the formulated attitude towards action in the field of restriction and control of the influx undertaken by European and international institutions, one should notice increasing reluctance to accept immigrants. What is more, there is a growing trend in the public debate in Poland to identify (to correlate) the influx of refugees with the problem of security. Although Poland is neither located on the main transit routes nor a destination for immigrants (including refugees), there is a process of systematically including this issue in the public discourse and analyzing the consequences of the potential increase in the influx of immigrants in the context of state security. Relationships that arise at the interface between migration and security point to the process of securitization of immigration, which involves integrating migration issues into a catalogue of state security threats and considering them through the lens of possible threats to the receiving societies.

EDIZIONE STRAORDINARIA! READ ALL ABOUT IT! – NOTES ON THE LANGUAGE OF ADVERTISEMENTS IN THE FIRST EDITIONS OF THE GAZZETTA DEL MASSACHUSETTS

In this article, I base my research on Franco Pierno’s 2012 article on “la lingua raminga,” which studies the Italian subcode used in the first ethnic journalistic publications in North America. First, I present some history of advertising in Italy, focusing, then, on how that translated in the ItaloAmerican setting in Massachusetts. In the bulk of the paper, I analyse the advertisements published in the first issues of the Gazzetta del Massachusetts (GdM; from 1903 and 1904), exploring in detail the employment of loanwords, both whole and adapted, over the course of the GdM’s early publications. I break my discussion down into the following sections of linguistic study: spelling and phonetics; morphology; vocabulary; and syntax. I conclude with some final thoughts on whether the increase in loanwords coincides not just with the greater size of the Italian community in Boston, but also the deeper linguistic assimilation of the predominant anglophone culture.

W artykule ukazuje się zmiany w polskiej polityce migracyjnej. Przyjęcie dokumentu „Polska polityka migracyjna” w ramach Strategii na rzecz Odpowiedzialnego Rozwoju do roku 2020 spowodowało stworzenie polskiego modelu aktywnej polityki migracyjnej, w którym założono m. in. zarzadzanie procesami emigracyjnymi, imigracyjnymi, integrację cudzoziemców, a także uwzględniono politykę bezpieczeństwa państwa.

Celem artykułu jest określenie specyfiki problemu imigracji zarobkowej do Polski do 2020 roku. Autorzy poświęcą uwagę aspektowi budowania strategii integracji imigrantów zarobkowych. Weryfikacji poddana zostanie hipoteza, mówiąca o tym, że specyfika imigracji zarobkowej do Polski sprzyja adaptacji imigrantów do społeczeństwa przyjmującego. W tekście dokonano charakterystyki tej specyfiki. Adaptacja imigrantów w Polsce nie jest jedyną właściwą drogą ich integracji. Optymalny model integracji powinien być pochodną przynajmniej trzech czynników: 1) przyjęcia przez władze państwa właściwego, wariantowego modelu integracji społecznej, popartego konsekwentną polityką migracyjną, 2) postawy, jaką przyjmują imigranci wobec praktyk, norm, wartości i wzorów kulturowych społeczeństwa przyjmującego oraz 3) postawy społeczeństwa przyjmującego wobec obcych.

The article encourages comparative perspectives on people who emigrate and immigrate. It draws attention to the knowledge of the history of migrations: most European countries faced emigration in the early 20th century, while in the beginning of the 21st century, they witness immigration that exceeds emigration. The most common reason for immigration in Slovenia is employment. Work permits are issued to people who come to work here, because they are needed. Yet, it is people who come, not workforce, and these people have families. Consequently, the second most common reason for immigration is family reunification. When discussing immigration, we underrate the role of bilateral agreements, yet they pave the way for greater economic migration between the signatories. Knowing the migrations of past and present, including official statistical data and the emigration-immigration perspective, it is extremely important to understand that there are people behind these numbers. The article comprises a recommendation to publish texts that include not only numbers, but also people with their life stories, immigrants and emigrants in the same publication. To develop intercultural education, it is essential that migrations and diversity are a part of the curriculum and teaching materials.

Contemporary extremely nationalistic discourse on the example of the French National Front and the Dutch Party for Freedom

The article describes and compares the two extremely nationalist groups which is: the French National Front, led by Marine Le Pen and the Dutch Freedom Party, founded by Geert Wilders. The publication presented the key demands of the program and forms of action of this organizations. Subsequentliy comparative analysis of these two parties was conducted, which shows that the French formation evolves into softened public discourse, while the Dutch constantly radicalized their message. In the last part of the publication, it will be also outlined the political future of these groups, placed in the broader context of the functioning of the extreme nationalist organizations.

Immigration and the internal security of the state

This article deals with the impact of immigration on the multifaceted internal security of Poland. The considerations are based on the assumption that immigration is an inevitable phenomenon, and the future will bring its increase, also in relation to our country. This will result in the growth of various types of conflicts – from economic, through cultural and religious to political. Some of these conflicts are exaggerated, others can be resolved by appropriate political decisions. Importantly, the increase in immigrants in Poland does not translate into the state of public security. Foreigners do not pose a significant threat to this security, but this situation may change. It is necessary to prepare services responsible for security for such an eventuality, to ensure their interoperability and effectiveness of operation.

Changes in border management by the EU caused by immigration pressure

The European Union, with its economic potential, standard of living of its societies, humanitarian and democratic legal-institutional system, creates very convenient conditions for individual and collective human development. In light of growing conflicts, decline of living standards and epidemiological threats in African and Asian regions close and far from the EU, we are witnessing a growing level of migration towards Europe. The process of immigration, especially to the richest EU countries, is accompanied by many dangers, also of criminal character.One of the forms of reducing the risk of such dangers is effective EU border protection. The aim of the article is to present changes in procedures and border activities implemented as a result of growing threats to EU safety and immigrants themselves.

Women and children are disproportionately those seeking immigration relief in the United States, and women lawyers are disproportionately those helping them. But it can’t be just women lawyers doing the helping. This article addresses immigration pro bono legal work, which is primarily conducted by women, and its impact on access to justice in the United States. Using a gender lens, the article examines naturalization, birthright citizenship, asylum and Temporary Protected Status, which is newly available for people from Ukraine and from Afghanistan. Immigration is an important area of focus for pro bono work, because without this help many people will stay in poverty and live on the margins of society.