The study presents results of research conducted by means of the BPAQ and Cyber-Bullying Tolerance questionnaires on a sample of 788 elementary school pupils of the 8th and 9th grades. It shows an increase in verbal aggression, hostility and anger in the pupils. In terms of gender, the increase was confirmed in verbal aggression in boys and physical aggression in girls. Tolerance to cyber-bullying as a form of aggressive behaviour increases with the development of science and technology and the increase in pupils´ aggressive behaviour. Knowledge of manifestations and causes of pupils´ aggressive behaviour is the basis for the educational work of teachers and other professionals.

The aim of the article is to demonstrate the nature of the relationship between negative emotions and the creation of hostility in the practice of social engineering and propaganda activities. The hypothesis adopted is the recognition that there is a mutually significant relationship between the creation of hostile status entities and the use of negative emotions. Negative emotions help build enmity and hostility entities stimulate negative emotions. Hostility and negative emotions are very useful tools of political influence. They make it possible to discredit external and internal enemies, to mobilise and integrate supporters and build the desired image of a political leader. The empirical study and media content analysis revealed examples of the widespread use of hostility and negative emotions as tools of political influence in Poland.