The paper deals with distinguishing features of presidential systems of government adopted in the current or former constitutions of some Francophone African countries, such as Benin, Djibouti, Ivory Coast or the Republic of Congo. Particular attention has been devoted to the internal structure of the executive branch of government (the existence of the prime minister as a separate body) as well as to the reception of diverse mechanisms of rationalised parliamentarianism created previously in the constitution of the French Fifth Republic. The dynamics of constitutional changes leading to the adoption of presidentialism in place of semi-presidentialism and vice versa in such countries as Niger or Senegal has also been taken into account. In the light of the findings, it can be stated that the specific properties of presidentialism in Francophone Africa prove its apparent distinctness from certain typical assumptions of this model.

Vice-Presidency in the Structure of the Presidential System of Government. The Overview of Legal Regulations in Selected Countries

Vice presidents inscribed into the institutional frameworks of the most typical systems of government (presidentialism, semi-presidentialism, parliamentarianism) exist in more than a quarter of the modern world. The vast majority of them operate – as in the United States – under presidential systems. The aim of the article is to indicate common features of vice presidents existing in the institutional context of presidentialism as well as to identify the most significant differences between the constitutional regulations that relate to them. The author concludes that in some cases the impact on the regulations regarding vice presidents is exerted to a lesser extent by the very architecture of the presidential system of government, and to a greater extent by non-legal factors such as the socio-ethnic structure of a given country and even current political needs of governing elites.

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono główne cechy tureckiego modelu systemu prezydenckiego, a także historyczne uwarunkowania pozycji prezydenta w strukturze organów państwa w Turcji. Praca składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej z nich omówione zostały podstawy parlamentaryzmu, co jest kluczową kwestią dla ukazania kształtu tureckiego systemu przed reformą. Kolejnym zagadnieniem omawianym w tej części artykułu jest proces ewolucji prezydentury od pierwszych lat powstania Republiki do zmian wprowadzonych po wyborach prezydenckich i parlamentarnych w 2018 r. W drugiej części pracy wskazano uwarunkowania zmiany systemowej. Wreszcie w ostatniej dokonano analizy nowego systemu, określanego jako prezydencjalizm „w stylu tureckim”, i ukazano jego charakterystyczne cechy.